Allergies and Asthma - Class V

•  Iron is an essential element for blood production. 
• About 70 per cent of your body's iron is found in the red blood cells of your blood called haemoglobin and in muscle cells called myoglobin.
•  Haemoglobin is essential for transferring oxygen in your blood from the lungs to the tissues. Hence, the role of iron in the blood is that it helps to transport oxygen. 

• Anaemia is a condition in which the blood doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells. 
• The major causes are iron deficiency (low-level iron) anaemia and thalassemia (inherited disorders of haemoglobin).  
• Iron-rich foods include peanuts, jaggery chikkis, almonds, walnuts, soy nuts and raisins, amla and green vegetables helps to prevent anaemia. 
• Hence, jaggery, amla and green vegetables help to cure anaemia. 
• So, the correct answer is 'all the above'.

The presence of large, immature, nucleated erythrocytes without haemoglobin indicates megaloblastic anaemia, which is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and folic acid. Iron deficiency typically results in microcytic, hypochromic anaemia rather than large megaloblastic cells. Supplementing with folic acid and cobalamine addresses the root cause of this specific type of anaemia.

Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anaemia globally and specifically in India, particularly among women.

• Vitamin B-12 is a water-soluble vitamin, like all other B-vitamins. This means it can dissolve in water and travel through the bloodstream. 
• The human body can store vitamin B-12 for up to four years. Any excess or unwanted vitamin B-12 is excreted in the urine. 
• The human body produces millions of red blood cells every minute. These cells cannot multiply properly without vitamin B-12. The production of red blood cells reduces if vitamin B-12 levels are too low. Anaemia can occur if the red blood cell count drops. Hence, Vitamin B12 helps to cure anaemia. 

Iron is an important component of hemoglobin. It carries oxygen from lungs to different parts of the body. Sources of iron includes sunflower seeds, nuts, beef, beans, green leafy vegetables, tofu, amla, jaggery. Iron deficiency can leads to anemia. 

In liver , glycogen a reserve food material is changed  into glucose (glycogenolysis ) and released into blood.  Under abnormal condition ,liver can convert proteins and fats into glucose by complex chemical reactions i.e., called gluconeogenesis. Thus, due to hepatectomy blood sugar level falls rapidly.

Pernicious anaemia is caused by the inability to absorb Vitamin B12, which is required for the proper maturation of red blood cells, leading to their obstruction in development.

• Anaemia is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or haemoglobin in the blood or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
• When anaemia comes on slowly, the symptoms may include feeling tired, weakness, shortness of breath or a poor ability to exercise. Hence, The reduced flow of oxygen in the blood occurs in Anaemia

Iron is an important component of hemoglobin which is a part of red blood cells. It carries oxygen from lungs to different parts of the body. Green leafy vegetables such as spinach are rich sources of iron. Other foods containing iron include sunflower seeds, nuts, beef, beans, tofu, amla, jaggery. Iron deficiency can leads to anemia. 

•  To diagnose anaemia, your doctor may ask you about your medical and family history, perform a physical exam, and run the following tests: Complete blood count (CBC) or Red cell distribution width (RDW).
•   A CBC is used to count the number of blood cells in a sample of your blood.
• Red cell distribution width (RDW) is also the test to diagnose anaemia. For instance, you'll probably have greater differences in red blood cell size if you have anaemia in these test.
• Hence, Anaemia can be diagnosed by the shape and size of RBC only.
• So, the correct answer is 'Shape and size of RBC only'.

• Vegetables are parts of plants that are consumed by humans or other animals as food. For example, spinach.
• Leafy greens, such as spinach, kale, swiss chard, collard, and beet greens contain between 2.5–6.4 mg of iron per cooked cup.
• For example, 100 grams of spinach contains 1.1 times more iron than the same amount of red meat and 2.2 times more than 100 grams of salmon (26, 27).
  
• Hence Vegetables are a good source of iron is a true statement.

Anaemia is a condition in which is there is shortage of blood or shortage of red blood cells. It results due to loss of blood during accident or pregnancy. It can also results due to insufficient iron in the body to produce enough of haemoglobin.

The process of creating a GM crop can produce many changes in the natural functioning of the plant's genome. Native genes can be mutated, deleted, permanently turned on or off and may change their levels of protein expression. This increasing the levels of an existing protein or even producing a completely new and unknown protein within the crop can act as an allergen in consumers. Hence, foods derived from genetically modified crops are required to be tested for possible allergic reactions in people.

• An allergic reaction occurs due to the hypersensitivity of the immune system to a harmless substance known as an allergen.
• Antibodies are produced by the B-lymphocyte cells which destroy the allergens.
  
• Destruction of allergens by the antibodies causes the release of a chemical substance into the bloodstream called histamine. 
• The release of histamine in a large amount causes swelling of body tissues (inflammation), itching, enlargement of blood vessels and causes bronchospasm.
• So, the correct answer is 'Histamines'.

• Sting of bee causes allergy.
  
• When a bee stings it releases bee venom into the human body which triggers allergic reactions.
• The bee venom contains proteins which affect the skin cells and triggers the immune system to produce antibodies called Immunoglobulin that results in pain and swelling at the site of the sting.
• So, the correct answer is 'Bee'.

Hay fever is an allergic reaction to environmental allergens, most commonly pollen grains from trees, grasses, or weeds.

• Perennial allergy can be defined as a chronic allergic reaction to house dust.
• House dust contains mould and fungal spores, fibres of the fabric, pet dander and insect particles.
• These allergies occur throughout the year hence, they are called perennial allergy.
• So, the correct answer is 'Perennial'.

i) Chenopodium and Amaranthus also are known as lambs quarters are belonged to family Amaranthaceae and are a major cause of pollen allergies are also considered as weeds or invasive species.

Hay fever is also known as seasonal allergy or allergic rhinitis is look like cold and symptoms are also similar like:-

•  Wooden floors are used in-house to reduce dust.
  
•  Wooden floors do not trap dust, pollen particles, pet dander and other allergens compared to others.
• It helps allergy sufferers and keeps the indoor air quality healthier.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'True'.

• Allergy occurring during certain times of the year are called seasonal allergy.
  
• Perennial allergy is present throughout the year whereas, a seasonal allergy occurs only during a particular time of the year.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'False'.

• The tingling sensation of mouth is a symptom is an oral allergy.
  
• It is caused by allergic reactions to certain fruits, vegetables, nuts, medications and pollen etc.
• So, the correct answer is 'False'.

• Fall in blood pressure occurs in drug allergy.
  
• Drug allergy is the abnormal reaction of the immune system to certain medication which may lower the blood pressure, cause irregular heartbeats etc.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'True'.

option $'D'$ is correct.

Option $'B'$ is correct.

Mast cells play a central role in IgE-mediated allergic reactions. When an allergen cross-links IgE bound to the surface of mast cells, they undergo degranulation and release histamine and other inflammatory mediators. T_K and NK cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and tumor or virus killing.

Option "c" is correct . 

Antihistamines work well for treating allergy symptoms, especially when the symptoms do not happen very often or do not last very long.
Steroids (nasal steroids) also work when someone has allergy,
Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

Allergic rhinitis or Hay fever is a type of inflammation in the nose which occurs when the immune system overreacts to the allergens in the air. symptoms includes sneezing, red, itchy, watery eyes.

Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Environmental factors which are responsible for asthma include exposure to air pollution and allergens. The increased asthmatic attacks in certain seasons are due to the inhalation of seasonal pollen. Seasonal pollen is obtained by the dehiscence of pollen grain in a particular season to which a person may be allergic.

Pollen allergy can is also called as 'seasonal allergic rhinitis'. Each spring, summer, plants release tiny pollen grains to fertilize other plants of same species. Most of pollens that cause allergic reactions  comes from trees, weeds and grasses

Bloating, vomiting and abdominal pain re the symptoms of causing allergy. The person may be suffering from lactose intolerance. 

Pollen allergies are very common and in a season of pollination. If a person inhales or come in contact with that pollen in the garden or area with lots of plants will create a severe impact and increase the asthmatic attack and other problems like sneezing and able to block certain passages inside the body.

Parthenium which is commonly known as carrot grass or congress weed belongs to family Asteraceae come to India from the USA during 1950s famine mixed with the imported wheat and become a major weed plant as well a major cause of 

Asthma is a condition characterized by the inflammation and narrowing of the airways (bronchioles) in response to triggers like allergens.