Direct taxes - class-XI

Direct taxes are those which are those which are paid directly to the government by the taxpayer.These taxes are not paid deducted and paid on behalf of the taxpayer.Key examples of direct taxes are Income tax, Wealth tax and Corporation tax.

A direct tax is paid by a person upon whom it is legally imposed; its effect is borne by the tax payer, for example, income tax. Income tax is paid by an individual, a Hindu undivided family, a company, a firm, and local bodies etc. on their incomes. The effect of this tax is borne by these tax payers themselves, the tax payer cannot shift the incidence of the tax upon somebody else. In other words a direct tax is demanded from the very person who it is intended or devised for.

A direct tax is paid by an individual or organization to the entity that levied the tax. 

According to the income tax rule, 1961 depreciation is to be charged on the basis of written down value method in India which meant depreciation percentage charge would be applied on the written down value that came after all such depreciation from previous years. 

Estate duty was levied on the total property passing to the heirs on the death of a person.

Custom duties are levied on export and import of goods and excise duty levied on production of goods.

Marginal rate of income tax means highest slab of income tax, i.e., $30$% for individuals having income above $Rs. 10,00,000$.

Net National Product (NNP) at market price includes indirect taxes. National Income (NI) is equivalent to NNP at factor cost. To get from NNP at market price to NNP at factor cost, one must subtract net indirect taxes.

Direct taxes do need maintenance of accounts. For example for filing Income Tax returns, there needs to be proper maintenance of accounts so that the figures mentioned is proper and the tax calculated is error free.

The correct statement is that custom duties have been drastically cut down since 1991.
Others are wrong because excise duty is levied on production, VAT has
been adopted by some states in India and agriculture contributes nil to the direct tax revenues in India.

When the burden of the tax falls on the person on whom the tax is imposed, it is called Direct Tax. The effect of this tax is borne by these tax payers themselves, the tax payer cannot shift the incidence of the tax upon somebody else. In other words a direct tax is demanded from the very person who it is intended or devised for.

The history of Income-Tax in modern India dates back to 1860 when the first Income Tax Act was introduced by James Wilson who became (British) India's first finance member. 

Under the relevant tax provisions, the Board may reduce the minimum distribution requirement by up to 20 percent of the statutory percentage.

For self-occupied property constructed after April 1, 1999, the maximum deduction for interest on housing loans is Rs 1,50,000 (though this limit has been increased in recent years, 1.5 lakh is the historical standard for this specific question context).

An annuity involves a series of equal payments at regular intervals. Therefore, the average after-tax profit is equal to the profit of any individual year.

Gratuity is a sum of money paid by an employer to an employee for services rendered in the company. However, gratuity is paid only to employees who complete 5 or more years with the company. It can be understood as a form of tip paid by employer to the employee for services offered in the company. Any employee under the state government, central government or local authority receives gratuity amount than the amount is fully exempt from Income Tax.

The starting of an assessment year is counted from 1st April. Hence the previous year of a newly started business would be date of commencement of the business and 31st March of the following year.

Salary income is a taxable income. The salary received by the manager of an agricultural farm is a salary income.

Assessment year is a 12 months period which commences on the 1st day of April every year. It is usually the beginning of a new financial year. 

Previous year means the financial year preceding the current assessment year. For example, 2017 is the previous year for the current financial year. 

Assessment Year is the year in which one file income tax returns of the year prior to it (i.e. Financial Year). It is the year in which the income that one has earned in the financial year that is just ended is evaluated. Tax is calculated and compared with the amount paid and assessment order is issued.

Deduction under section 80D is available to an individual or a HUF. A deduction of Rs. 25,000 can be claimed for insurance of self, spouse and dependent children. An additional deduction for insurance of parents is available to the extent of Rs 25,000 if they are less than 60 years of age or Rs 50,000 (has been increased in Budget 2018 from Rs 30,000) if parents are more than 60 years old. In case, a taxpayers age and parents age is 60 years or above, the maximum deduction available under this section is to the extent of Rs. 100,000. Example: Rohan’s age is 65 and his father’s age is 90. In this case, the maximum deduction Rohan can claim under section 80D is Rs. 100,000. From FY 2015-16 a cumulative additional deduction of Rs. 5,000 is allowed for the preventive health check up to individuals. 

The straight line method allocates depreciation equally over the asset's life. Accelerated methods (like double declining balance) charge more depreciation in the early years, which then decreases over time.

Section 80EE allows tax benefits for first time home buyers. Income tax deduction can be claimed on home loan interest towards your first house property. The deduction allowed under this section is for interest paid on home loan up to maximum Rs 50,000 per financial year. 

A direct tax is paid by a person upon whom it is legally imposed; its effect is borne by the tax payer, for example, income tax. A direct tax is demanded from the very person who it is intended or devised for.  An example of a direct tax is wealth tax.