Classification of polymers - class-XII

Bakelite is a thermosetting polymer having high crosslinkings and hence once hardened cannot be softened.

 Elastomers: The polymer chains are held together by the weakest intermolecular forces. These weak binding forces permit the polymer to be stretched.

Artificial silk is a synthetic manufactured from cellulose fibre. Cellulose is a common example of polysaccharides. Thus, artificial silk is a polysaccharide.

Addition polymerization involves the repeated addition of monomers containing double or triple bonds without the loss of small molecules. PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is formed from vinyl chloride monomers via addition polymerization.

Rayon is chemically known as cellulose acetate, which is a semi-synthetic kind of polymer.

Glyptal is a polyester formed by the condensation polymerization of ethylene glycol and phthalic acid.

Dextran is a complex branched glucan used as a plasma volume expander and in some surgical applications, but biodegradable polymers like PHBV or polyglycolic acid are more common for sutures. However, in the context of standard chemistry curricula, Dextran is often cited for its biocompatibility.

In order to move the belt and the material to transport one or both the pulleys should be power-driven. These belts are generally made of rubber, PVC, Urethane, Neoprene, Nylon, Nitrile, Polyester, leather, polythene and others. The industrial conveyor belts are made up of multiple layers of material.

Nylon 6 is formed by the ring-opening polymerization of caprolactam, which is a type of chain-growth polymerization, not step-growth. Therefore, the statement that it is step-growth is false.

Intermolecular forces: Nylon-6,6 (polyamide, hydrogen bonding) > Polythene (van der Waals) > Buna-S (elastomer, weak forces). Thus, P > R > Q.

Ziegler-Natta catalysts are organometallic compounds used for polymerization of olefins. The classical Ziegler-Natta catalyst combines TiCl4 (titanium tetrachloride) with Al(C2H5)3 (triethylaluminum, often written as AlEt3). Option D correctly shows this combination, though the formula notation has typographical issues with subscript formatting. B and C show different catalyst systems (Wilkinson's catalyst with CO/H2, and titanium isopropoxide with tert-butyl hydroperoxide for epoxidation).

CH2=C|CH3−CH=CH2monomerofneutralrubberCH2=C|CH3−CH=CH2monomerofneutralrubber             CH2=C|Cl−CH=CH2monomerofneoprene

Silica  - giant polymer with basic unit $SiO _2$.
Diamond - a polymer with a basic unit carbon atom.
Glucose - $C _6 H _{12} O _6$ is not a polymer.
Silicon carbide (SiC) - a polymer with basic SiC.

Polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks. There are many forms of polymerization like free radical electrophilic and nucleophile polymerisations through the formation of free radicals, carbanions and carbocation intermediates. Carbene doesn't form in the reaction mechanism as intermediate.
Hence, options A, B and C are correct.

On the basis of the mode of their formation, the polymers can be classified as addition polymers and condensation polymers.
Addition polymers are formed by chain growth polymerization and condensation polymers are formed by the combination of two monomers by the elimination of a small molecule like water or methyl alcohol.

Woolen clothes are mostly used in Cold days. They trap our body heat and provide us warmth in the winters.

The fleece of the sheep along with a thin layer of skin is removed from its body. This process is called shearing. 

Polymerization is the process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three dimensional networks.There are many forms of polymerization like step growth and chain growth.It occurs via variety of reaction mechanisms due to functional groups present and their steric effects.

Neoprene is the polymer of 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, which is commonly known as chloroprene.

The Monomer of Teflon is tetrafluoroethylene, where vinyl chloride is the monomer of PVC.

Polyethylene is the most common plastic. The monomer is ethylene, a gaseous hydrocarbon with the formula ${ C } _{ 2 }{ H } _{ 4 }$ which can be viewed as a pair of methylene groups connected to each other. As it is highly reactive, the ethylene must be of high purity.

Catalin is a brand name for a thermosetting polymer that was popular from the 1930s. It is another phenolic resin, similar to Bakelite, but with different mineral fillers that allowed the production of light colors. Like Bakelite, it gives off a distinctive phenolic odour when heated.

Polypropylene (CH2-CH(CH3))n has a backbone consisting only of carbon atoms with no heteroatoms or aromatic rings, making it purely aliphatic.

All polymers cannot form fibres. The key requirement of a fibre forming polymer is that the molecule must be linear. This permits their side by side alignment.

Carbohydrates are found as both straight-chained and branched polymers.

Cellulose (-a long chain un-branched polymer) is an important constituent of cell wall. It is principle component of plant structure. It supports the weight of the plant.

Thermosetting plastic have three dimensional network with cross linkage.When thermosetting plastics are heated they became hard.

 Starch and cellulose are natural polymers. Nylon, rubber etc. are synthetic polymers.

Silicones are polymers that include silicon together with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.They have an alternating $  -Si-O-Si-  $ type structure. Silicones are water repellent, very resistant to chemical attack and are thermally stable since they do not decompose at high temperature.

Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulose fibre. Therefore, it is an organic polymer but glass and silicon rubber are examples of non-organic polymer made up of silicone - silicone bond structure.

A) Random copolymer is that in which there is no specific arrangement of monomers, but it is formed by two or more than two monomers.
B) Block copolymer is (A-A-A-A)-(B-B-B-B)-(A-A-A-A)-, as the polymer is divided in subunits (blocks) of a single type of monomer.
C) Graft means branched copolymer.
D) Alternating copolymer is formed by only two monomeric units arranged alternatively.

${ (C{ H } _{ 3 } }) _{ 2 }Si{ Cl } _{ 2 }+{ H } _{ 2 }O\longrightarrow { (C{ H } _{ 3 } }) _{ 2 }SiO+2HCl$

Koreseal is a long chain polymer of vinyl chloride $(CH _2CHCl)$.

Fiber have strong intermolecular forces of attraction take H-bonding.

$PCTFE, PTFE$ both have same carbon backbone

1. $-[ClFC - CF _{2}] _{n}$ $ = PCTFE$ (polymonochloro tetrafluoro ethylene)
2. $ [F _{2}C - CF _{2}] _{n} = PTFE$ (polytetrafluoro ethylene).