Soaps and Detergents

• Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons. Alkyl hydrogensulphates formed by treating long chain alcohols with concentrated sulphuric acid are neutralised with alkali to form anionic detergents.
• Here, option A which is $CH _3(CH _2) _{10}CH _2OSO^{-} _{3}Na^{+}$ Sodium laurylsulphate is an Anionic detergent.
• Cationic detergents are quarternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides or bromides as anions. Cationic part possess a long hydrocarbon chain and a positive charge on nitrogen atom. Hence, these are called cationic detergents.
• Here,option B wich is $[CH _3(CH _2) _{15}N(CH _3) _2-CH _3]^{+}Br^{-}$ is a Cationic detergent.
• Non-ionic detergents do not contain any ion in their constitution. One such detergent is formed when stearic acid reacts with polyethyleneglycol.
• Here option C which is $CH _3(CH _2) _{16}COO(CH _2CH _2O) _nCH _2CH _2OH$ is a Non-ionic detergent.
• Soaps are the sodium salts of long chain carboxylic acids. Here option D which is $C _{17}H _{35}COONa$ is a soap.
  

When detergent is added to water, the detergent molecules break down the cohesive attractive forces of the water molecules at the surface. Thus, the surface tension is broken and viscosity increases due to attractive forces between water molecules and detergents.

Micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid colloid. A typical micelle in aqueous solution  forms an aggregate with the hydrophilic  "head" regions in contact with surrounding solvent. 
Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface.
Emulsification is the process of making emulsions. Emulsions are made by shaking the dispersed phase and dispersion medium vigorously and then stabilizing the emulsion with an emulsifier. Most often soaps and detergents are added to stabilize emulsions. Stabilization is obtained by the coating of the drops of an emulsion by the stabilizer. This prevents the drops of the emulsion from combining together and separating out as a separate layer.
Foaming is the volume is expansion using air bubbles. This enables a rather lightweight material to be created even when it occupies a large volume. Also, the air layer adds heat-insulating and shock-absorbing (cushioning) properties. This happens when we apply soap while washing our clothes.
So, all phenomenon are observed during washing of cloth by detergents.
Hence, options A,B,C and D, all are correct options.

The antiseptic action of dettol is due to Chloroxylenol. It also shows moderate antibacterial effects.

Many soaps are simply neutralized, long chain carboxylic and/or fatty acids. Usually neutralized by some mineral base. The neutralization reaction of an acid and a base produces a salt.

Depending upon the nature of alkali used in the production of soap, they are classified into two types.
The sodium salt of long chain fatty acid is known as hard soap.
The potassium salt of long chain fatty acid is known as soft soap, as it produces more lather.

The saponification  reaction is exothermic in nature, because heat is liberated during the process. The soap formed remains in suspension form in the mixture. Soap is precipitated as a solid from the suspension by adding common salt to the suspension. This process is called salting out of Soap.

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. When triglycerides in fat/oil react with aqueous $NaOH$ or $KOH$, they are converted into soap and glycerol. This is called alkaline hydrolysis of esters. Since this reaction leads to the formation of soap, it is called the Saponification process.

The sodium salt of long chain fatty acid is known as hard soap. It is difficult to dissolve in water. It is used as laundry soap.

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. When triglycerides in fat/oil react with aqueous $NaOH$ or $KOH$, they are converted into soap and glycerol.  The sodium salt of long chain fatty acid is known as hard soap. It is difficult to dissolve in water. It is used as laundry soap.

Hard water consumes more soap because hard water contains dissolved salts of calcium, magnesium and other heavy metals and it does not form lather with soap readily, due to the reaction shown below.

Saponification is formation of soaps from triglycerides (esters) when reacted with sodium hydroxide to give sodium salts of fatty acids.

Ion-exchange resin can soften both temporary and permanent hard water. The ion-exchange resin starts with sodium ions struck to it. As the bond water passes through the column, sodium ions come off the resin and go into the water.

Soaps cannot be used in hard water because they forms precipitates. When soaps are used in hard water that contains a lot of calcium and magnesium ions they cause the soap to precipitate and it is unable to form lather. This can be minimized by the addition of chemicals like sodium trimetaphosphate, borax, sodium silicate etc. These prevent the calcium and magnesium ions from reacting with the soap and allow it to form lather, thus forming precipitates.

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a deliquescent white crystalline solid that absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and dissolves in it, making the statement that it is non-deliquescent incorrect. The other statements regarding KCl as a salt substitute, KOH being a strong alkali used in soft soaps, are chemically accurate.

For emulsification soap is added in O/W emulsion as it reduces surface tension and form better colloid.

Household detergents do cause water pollution.

Detergents are not soaps. Detergents work by coming in contact with a surface and reducing surface tension, with something known as a surfactant. Basically allowing the dirt to slide away. Detergents are synthetics. Soap is natural, like glycerine or tallow.But they are very active in hard water.
One reason why laundry detergents work better than soap is that they contain substances that soften the water. Hard water contains dissolved calcium $Ca^{+2}$ and magnesium $Mg^{+2}$ ions. These ions interfere with the action of soap by reacting with it to form a gray, slimy substance called curd or soap scum. Laundry detergents inhibit curd formation because they contain substances such as sodium carbonate $(NaCO _{3})$ that removes the Ca and Mg ions from the water. When sodium carbonate dissolves in water it separates to form Na ions and $CO _{3}$ ions. The dissolved $CO _{3}$ ions react with the Ca and Mg to form $CaCO _{3}$ and $MgCO _{3}$ which are solids and settle to the bottom of the washer. Hence given statement is false because it given scum even in soft water but not that much.

Soaps are water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. Soaps are made from fats and oils, or their fatty acids, by treating them chemically with a strong alkali.
A detergent is a surfactant, usually alkylbenzenesulfonates , a family of compounds that are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard water, because the polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxyl (of soap) to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water.Option B is correct.

Since, soaps are basic in nature, thus, it turns red litmus paper to blue. When blue litmus paper is dipped in soap solution, it remains blue.

A molecule of soap has two dissimilar ends. At one end is the hydrocarbon chain which is water repellent. At the other end carboxylate anion is present which is water soluble end. When soap is dissolved in water, many molecules come together and form a group called micelle, these micelles are formed because their hydrocarbon chains come together and the polar ends are projected outward. Micelle formation in ethanol will not occur because the hydrocarbon chain end of the soap will also dissolve in water.

Modern synthetic detergents are alkyl or aryl sulphonates produced from petroleum (or coal) and sulphuric acid. They can be defined as the sodium or potassium salt of a long chain alkyl benzene sulphonic acid or the sodium or potassium salt of a long chain alkyl hydrogen sulphate, that has cleansing properties in water.
They are used in washing powders in a proportion of about $15-30\%$.

Soaps are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strong alkaline solution. Basic solutions are bitter in taste.

Soap is a salt of fatty acid. These are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with strong alkaline solution. Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides,three molecules of fatty acids are attached to a single molecule of glycerol. This alkaline solution often called as lye brings about a chemical reaction known as saponification.

A detergent is a cleaning agent.

$\bullet$ Lime water has $Ca(OH) _2$

When vegetable oils reacted with caustic soda they produce potassium salt of Carboxylate. (Soap)

Soap get precipitated in hard water, but not in soft water.Therefore soaps can be used to check the hardness of water.

Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium principally as bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates. Ferrous ion may also be present; oxidized to the ferric form. It appears as a reddish brown stain on washed fabrics and enameled surfaces. Water hardness that is caused by calcium bicarbonates is known as temporary, because boiling converts the bicarbonates to the insoluble carbonates; hardness from other salts is called permanent. Calcium and magnesium ions in hard water react with the higher fatty acids off soap to form an insoluble gelatinous curd, thereby causing a waste of the soap.

$\bullet$ Anti- rust agents are used for protecting iron materials against corrosion by water. Example- Redoxide.