Sanitation and solid waste management - class-IX

 Micro-chemistry, substitution with a non-hazardous substance and using chemical exchange program can be used to reduce the amount of hazardous waste except mixing hazardous with non-hazardous waste to dilute the mixture.

Waste is segregated into dry, wet and hazardous categories by using different dust bins for different wastes.

Dry waste includes wood and related products, metals and glass etc.

Wet waste typically refers to the wastes that contain moisture or wetness. These are heavy in weight due to dampness.

Hazardous waste include biomedical wastes like pathogen infected needles, radio-active chemicals and explosive wastes.

Containers should be labeled as soon as the first drop of waste is added to the container.

E-Waste describes discarded electronic devices. Used electronics which are meant to be recycled are also included in this category. Used computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, television sets, and refrigerators are the examples of e-waste

E-waste contain lead, cadmium, beryllium etc. which are potentially harmful. Recycling and disposing of e-waste poses a high risk to the workers. 

Biomedical waste includes used menstrual cloth, sanitary napkins, disposable diapers, bandages and any material that is contaminated with blood or other body fluids.

Medical wastes are classified as infectious wastes and non-infectious waste. Most of the biomedical waste is toxic in nature.

Non-infectious waste: It is not harmful and do not result in spread of any infection. Examples include: catheters, colostomy bags etc.

Infectious waste: Needles with pathogens, blood containing swabs etc. are the source of infections.

The maximum amount of hazardous waste that can be held in a satellite accumulation site (excluding acutely hazardous waste) would be 55 gallons.

Hazardous wastes are wastes with properties that make them dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. Hazardous wastes  can be liquids, solids, contained gases, or sludges.

When labeling a vessel that contains hazardous waste one must list all hazardous components and their concentrations.

Open dumping means dumping of waste in an open site or low lands or barren stretch of lands. It is harmful to the environment and is prone to burning, pronr to being carried away by air and eaten by stray animals. It is an illegal method of dumping waste which can be seen in many places in developing countries like India.

The landfill is an area of land used to dump the solid waste. It has its advantage as the dumping of waste material prevents the burning of it which is the major cause of air pollution. Rats, pests and other animals cannot breed in it due to the absence of air and decomposing of waste by microorganisms which reduce health problems and it is safe from hazards caused due to fires.

Composting is the process of biodegrading the organic matter into simpler substances aerobically (in the presence of oxygen) or anaerobically (in the absence of oxygen) by the action of microorganisms including bacteria and fungi which results into formation of compost or humus that is a dead and decayed matter which is further used as manure and fertilizers.

Following method is considered an unacceptable (illegal) means of disposing of hazardous waste:-

• Pouring down the sink
• Placing in the regular trash
• Pouring down the storm sewer

Municipal waste consists of everyday items we use and then throw
away, such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing,
bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries. These wastes  comes  from our homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses.

 Any type of containers, including food containers, cannot be used to contain any hazardous wastes.

The moisture content of the waste is considered as a single critical parameter for evaluating the efficiency of the bio-drying process. The moisture content influences microbial activity and biodegradation of the organic component during the bio-drying process. Despite the fact this technology is considered as a zero leachate approach, it is likely that a limited amount of free water may seep through the waste matrix and collected at the bottom of the bioreactor as leachate. Bio-drying has mostly been studied for MSW (municipal solid waste pulp and paper and, garbage residues and sewage sludge with 50–70% as the optimal initial moisture content range for the bio-drying process.

Sanitary landfill is a process of isolating the waste from the environment. The solid waste is buried in the land with proper regard that it does not dissipate in the groundwater for which synthetic sheet is used below. Then it is systematically dumped and covered by earth to prevent its effects on topsoil.

Composting is the natural way of recycling which involves bio-degradation of organic waste and turning it into organic fertilizer. In this process, various microorganisms including bacteria and fungi break down the organic matter into simpler substances. It enhances the soil nutrients and water retention capacity of soil by moderating soil temperature and maintains the pH of the soil. It suppresses plant disease by providing them adequate nutrients to absorb and make the soil fertile.

Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases.

• (a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation, and sedimentation. 
  
• (b) Secondary treatment by biological process. 
  
• (c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.
  

7366 crore amount is allocated for solid waste management in Swachh Bharat Mission in urban area.

Recycling means a process of converting waste material into new products. It reduces the quantity of waste material and that can be brought into potential use in one form or another and thus filters the solid waste of trash.

The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation is a ministry of the
Government of India.
In 1999, the Department of Drinking Water Supply was formed under
Ministry of Rural Development, for focused attention on drinking water
and sanitation.

Sanitation is the means which provides hygiene through the prevention of human contact with hazards of wastes. Following measures are used in sanitation:-

• Drainage
• Ventilation
• Pure water supply

14623 crore amount is allocated by centre to Swachh Bharat Mission in urban area.

"Swachh Bharat" mission is "beyond politics" and inspired by
"patriotism", which was mainly Mahatma Gandhi's vision of a "clean and
developed" India. It was first started on the 145th birth anniversary
of the Father of the Nation.

Swachh Bharat Mission is a campaign by the Government of India to
clean the streets, roads and infrastructure of the country. This mission was started on 2nd October 2014.

Disposal of waste without negatively affecting public health and the environment is called Solid Waste Management. It is a term that is used to refer to the process of collecting and treating solid wastes. It also offers solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash.

Nirmal Puraskar award is given by the Indian Government to cities and villages for cleanliness

Reduce, reuse, recycle is the slogan around which whole waste management works. It involves steps of segregating waste and reducing them by the method such as "composting" then bringing into use some waste articles in one or other forms and the last step recycling so that the waste could be brought into use once again. This helps in diminishing the carbon footprint and waste effluent in the environment.

The Logo with spectacles of Mahatma Gandhi with ‘Swachh Bharat’ written
on the two glasses with the bridge of the spectacles in National
Tricolour signifies the entire nation uniting to achieve the vision of
Mahatma for a ‘Clean India.’ The Tagline “Ek Kadam Swachhata Ki Aur”
exhorts all citizens to contribute in their own way towards the goal of
Swachh Bharat.

"Swachh Bharat" mission is "beyond politics" and inspired by
"patriotism", which was  Mahatma Gandhi's vision of a "clean and
developed" India. In the 145th birth anniversary
of the Father of the Nation, this mission was started.

Contour ploughing (or contour ploughing) or contour, farming is the farming practice of ploughing across a slope following its elevation contour lines. 

Community-Led Total Sanitation is an approach that focuses on improving sanitation and hygiene practices in a community. It includes awareness, development of habits, educating people and starting initiatives that can bring about spontaneous and long-lasting behavioral change. Ending open defecation, proper disposal of garbage, etc are the approaches of CLTS.

The term municipal solid waste (MSW) is generally used to describe most of the non-hazardous solid waste from a city, town or village that requires routine collection and transport to a processing or disposal site, Sources of MSW include private homes, commercial establishments, and institutions, as well as industrial facilities.

India's First nationwide program of rural sanitation, CRSP was launched in 1986 with the aim of ending open defecation. It emphasizes on information, education, and communication, Human resource development, capacity development activities to increase awareness among the people of rural areas.

Waste management refers to the collection, transportation and disposal of garbage, sewage, domestic and industrial waste products. It includes recycling of waste product, making them reusable and techniques of depleting non-biodegradable waste.

Recycling is the process of converting waste 
materials into new materials and objects. It is an alternative to
"conventional" waste disposal that can save material and help lower greenhouse gas emissions. Recycling can prevent the waste of potentially useful
materials and reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, thereby
reducing: energy  usage, air pollution, and water pollution.