Living world and classification of microbes - class-X

AIDS is transmitted sexually or through blood transfusion or from mother to fetus.
Tetanus is not transmitted from person to person or from animal to person.
Hepatitis-B is transmitted through blood and infected bodily fluids.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease of mammals, most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal.
Therefore, the correct answer is option b.

A zoonotic disease is a disease that is transmitted from animals to humans. They can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. Measles is a viral disease in humans. Diptheria is caused by bacterium Corynebacterium diptheriae. Leprosy is chronic infection caused by bacteria Mycobacterium leprae.
Rabies is one such zoonotic disease caused by the rabies virus of the genus Lyssavirus.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D), 'Rabies'.

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the dengue virus. There is a characteristic skin rash that is similar to measles. It is transmitted by several species of mosquito within the genus Aedes, mainly Aedes aegypti.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

Break bone fever is another name for dengue fever. It is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. It is transmitted by several species of the mosquito within the genus Aedes aegypti.
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Influenza is commonly known as 'flu' and is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It can cause mild to severe illness and at times can lead to death. The best way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccination each year.

Aedes aegypti, the principal mosquito vector of dengue viruses is an insect closely associated with humans and their dwellings. People not only provide the mosquitoes with blood meals but also water-holding containers in and around the home needed to complete their development. The mosquito lays her eggs on the sides of containers with water and eggs hatch into larvae after a rain or flooding. A larva changes into a pupa in about a week and into a mosquito in two days. 

The Aedes aegypti mosquito can transmit the viruses that cause dengue fever or breakbone fever.
Psorophora columbiae mosquito is a known vector of encephalitis.
Diseases carried by house flies (musca domestica) include typhoid, cholera and dysentery.
Cimex (bed bug) causes dermatobiasis.

Smallpox is a very serious illness caused by a virus, called the variolavirus. Smallpox gets its name from the pus-filled blisters (or pocks), that form during the illness. Small pox is an acute highly communicable disease. It is caused by virus named variolavirus. Now it is nearly eradicated from India.

Volvox is a freshwater green alga. It is found in multicellular colonies. These colonies are known as "coenobium". They also move together in colonies.

According to five kingdom classification, bacteria are placed in kingdom monera. Organisms of kingdom monera are single celled and they have cell wall made up of peptidoglycans. Their nuclear membrane is absent, have single chromosome and do not have membrane bound cell organelles. DNA is double stranded and suspended in cytoplasm (called nucleoid).

Coelenterates (Cnidarians) like corals often produce a calcareous exoskeleton. Some species also have chitinous components in their structure.

Pseudopodia (false feet) are extensions of the cytoplasm used by amoeboid protozoa for both locomotion and engulfing food particles (phagocytosis).

Yellow fever is an acute viral disease and spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It is characterized by the fever, chill, loss of appetite, nausea
Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Smallpox is an acute contagious disease caused by the variola virus of the orthopoxvirus family. It was one of the world's most devastating diseases known to humanity. But now it is completely eradicated from India through successful campaigns run by Indian Government. Hence, the correct answer is option C.

Dengue is the most common arboviral disease.
Plague is caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis.
Sleeping sickness is a parasitic disease of humans and other animals and is caused by the protozoa, Trypanosoma gambiense or T. brucei.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete bacterium, Treponema pallidum. While Trichuris trichiura causes trichuriasis, a type of helminthic infection.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

The term 'Asd' is likely a typo for 'Asci' or 'Ascocarps'. Asci are the sexual spore-bearing cells found in Ascomycota fungi, which include Ascobolus, Saccharomyces, and Penicillium.

Ascus (mother cell) in penicillium is related to its sexual development. Basidium also forms in sexual reproduction of Agaricus during karyogamy. Eglena is single cellular eukaryotes belonging to kingdom Protista. Spirula is dietary supplements which are biomass of cyanobacteria or blue-green algae. Sponges are the most primitive organisms of kingdom Animalia.

The correct answer is E.

Encephalitis is acute inflammation (swelling up) of the brain resulting either from a viral infection or when the body's own immune system mistakenly attacks brain tissue. The most common cause is a viral infection. Encephalitis occurs in 1 in every 1,000 cases of measles. Encephalitis generally begins with fever and headache. The symptoms rapidly worsen and there may be seizures (fits), confusion, drowsiness and loss of consciousness and even coma. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Culex species mosquitoes, particularly Culex tritaeniorhynchus.

Tetanus and typhoid are bacterial diseases caused by bacteria. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. Yellow fever is caused by a flavivirus and transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes, usually the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which had become infected by biting an infected human. Hence, the correct answer is option A.

Yellow fever is an acute viral fever caused by a flavivirus. It is transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes, usually the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It is characterized by a headache, chills, loss of appetite, nausea etc. In severe cases, yellow fever causes a high fever, bleeding into the skin and the death of cells in the liver and kidneys. Liver damage results in severe jaundice i.e., yellowing of the skin; hence the name "yellow fever". Thus, the correct answer is option A.

• The common cold is a viral disease, which is caused by a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract (nose and throat), whereas, pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. 
  
  
• It is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly other microorganisms. Typical symptoms include a cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
  
  Hence, Option D is correct.

• Animalcule is an older term for a microscopic animal or protozoan.
• Rotifers are microscopic and free-living microscopic or near-microscopic pseudocoelomate animals belonging to the phylum Rotifera.
• 90% of rotifers inhabit freshwater habitat but some live in brackish water and few in the ocean.
• Rotifers are called wheel animalcules because their corona is composed of several ciliated tufts around the mouth that in motion resemble a wheel.
• Hence wheel animalcules are Rotifers.
• So, the correct answer is 'Rotifers'.

Amoeba, unicellular protozoan, outerly covered by plasma membrane, cell wall is not present. So amoeba is purely animal cell.

So, the statement is false.

Kingdom Protista is a group in of eukaryotic organisms which have a true nucleus, they are usually unicellular and the cells of these organisms contain nucleus which is bound to the organelle,  algae are one of the classifications of protista which are photosynthetic organisms that are mostly found in freshwater sources or marine lakes. Protists are heterotrophic organism & on the other hand, has to acquire nutrition from other organisms such as plants or animals to survive.

The kingdom Protista includes diverse forms of predominantly water-dwelling, eukaryotic unicellular micro-organisms. Some of these organisms are animal-like(protozoan), others resemble plants (algal protists), and others demonstrate the characters of fungi. In kingdom Protista, all organism are unicellular during most phases of their life cycle or are colonial. Thus option D is the correct answer. 

In the five-kingdom classification system, all unicellular eukaryotic organisms (those with a true nucleus) are placed in the kingdom Protista.

Kingdom protists, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia belong to domain eukarya and include only eukaryotic organisms. Kingdom monera includes unicellular prokaryotic organisms that lack a well-defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Decomposition is primarily performed by fungi, bacteria (found in Monera), and some protists. While the question asks for a set, these three groups contain the primary decomposers in ecosystems.

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia are the five kingdoms proposed by R.H. Whittaker. Therefore, all the options listed are valid kingdoms.

(A) The cell wall is a structural layer around types of the cell outside the cell membrane which provides the cell with structural support and protection found in algae, fungi, plants, bacteria and archaea.

Artificial systems of classification were based on morphological characters such as habit, habitat, colour, number and shape of leaves. They were mainly based on vegetative characters or on the androecium structure.

R.H. Whittaker proposed a Five Kingdom Classification. The kingdoms defined by him were named Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Among five kingdoms, only Monera is prokaryotic and remaining four are Eukaryotic.

The five kingdom classification was proposed by R.H. Whittaker.

The property of being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plane.