Animal Behaviour and Learning

Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior under natural condition. It involves viewing animal behavior as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. The various behavior patterns are then classified and compared with those of other species, mostly with closely related species. Understanding ethology is important in animal training. Thus the correct answer is option A.

Myrmecophily is a symbiotic relationship because it is the mutual interaction between two different species one of which is ants and the other could be a plant, fungi etc.

Animal prey defence includes camouflage, causing alarm of fright and mimicry. But it does not include soft skin. So, the correct option is 'soft skin'

Courtship is a kind of behaviour in which an animal attempts such actions so as to attract the opposite sex for mating. This type of behaviour includes ritualized movements like dancing, vocalizations, mechanical sound production or display of beauty. 

Mud Dauber or Mud wasp is the name applied to the number of species of family sphecidae or Crabronidae that built their nest from mud. It is built up by the female wasps by molding the mud by its mandibles. Mud daubers are generally not aggressive but may become hostile when threatened. 

The skull of a baby chimpanzee is more similar to an adult chimpanzee's skull than an adult human's skull due to different growth trajectories and cranial development patterns.

The internal need that leads an individual or organism to act is known as motivation. A motive prompts and individual to act in a certain way, or at least develop an inclination for specific behavior. Motivations refers to the internal and external factors that stimulate the desire to do or learn.

Presence of populations of a species in distant localities preventing the gene flow between them leads to geographical isolation. Incompatible differences in reproductive structures leading to prevention of cross fertilization refers to as mechanical isolation. Different periods of attainment of sexual maturity leads to temporal isolation. Incompatible premating behaviour leading to no attraction between groups for mating is termed as behavioural isolation. Abnormal distribution to the gametes of whole chromosomes, chromosome segments, or combinations of genes leading to infertile hybrid is one of the post zygotic isolation.

Territorial behavior is the method by which an animal or a group of animals protects its territory from incursions by others of its species. It is not affected by the environmental changes.

Instinct and mimicry are the behaviours which are shown by the animals. Instinct is the ability to judge an event and give response accordingly. Mimicry is performed in order to protect them. Bluffing is an unusual behaviour which may be seen due to fear. This may be used as a form of communication for protection against the predator.

• The study of Improvement of the human race is called anthropology.
  
• The study of the distribution of diseases is called epidemiology.
  
• The study of birds is called ornithology.
  
• The study of animal behaviour is called ethology.
  

Konrad Lorenz is widely recognized as one of the founders of ethology, the scientific study of animal behavior. Herophilus was an ancient physician, Angstrom is a unit of length, and Galton is known for his work in statistics and eugenics.

While king cobras usually find shelter in animal burrows, under fallen trees or some rock formations, the females make a specialized nest for their eggs. the king cobra is the only snake species that is known to make nests for their young ones.

The presence of populations of a species in distant localities preventing the gene flow between them leads to geographical isolation. Different periods of attainment of sexual maturity leads to temporal isolation. Abnormal distribution to the gametes of whole chromosomes, chromosome segments, or combinations of genes leading to infertile hybrid is one of the post-zygotic isolation. Incompatible premating behavior leading to no attraction between groups for mating is termed as behavioral isolation. Incompatible differences in reproductive structures leading to prevention of cross-fertilization refer to as mechanical isolation. 

A bird's beak can tell us what type of food it eats. Short stout cone shaped beak is an adaptation to help crack nuts and seeds. For example the sparrows and finches have this type of beaks to crack the nuts. The hawk also has short beak but their upper beak is a hook type to tear flesh.  

Human beings may not always behave as we think or as we ought to. The reason for any particular action or a taking a specific course of action is known as motivation. A motive prompts the person towards his actions or leads to the development of inclination towards a specific behavior.  

• Habituation is a behavior of an individual in which due to the prolonged or repeated stimulus, it loses its unusuality, hence, no response from one's body is seen towards that stimulus.
  
• For example, when a new tooth appears for the first time to infants, its unusual to them but later growth and development of the whole set of teeth doesn't bother much.