Introduction to organization of life - class-XI

Living organisms are blessed with the capability to reproduce and increase in number. The living cell has cellular machinery which helps in cell division. The self-consciousness is the ability to react and respond to a particular stimulus which is due to the well developed nervous system which helps to analyse the generated response. Movement is another unique potential of a living organism which is possible due to a fully developed skeletal and muscular system.

Mosquitoes, ant, dung beetle, butterfly, moth, and cockroach all belong to class Insecta of phylum Arthropoda. They have one pair of antennae, three pairs of legs, and three body regions i.e., head, thorax, and abdomen. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Growth, metabolism, reproduction, and consciousness are the properties of living organisms. Cellular organization is living is given by cells and in non-living by atoms and molecules so it's not a property just belonging to living. 

• Age is one of the most important factor for changes in energy metabolism. The basal metabolic rate decreases almost linearly with age. 
• The volume of skeletal musculature decreases and the percentage of fat tissue increases with age. 
• It is shown that a decrease in muscle mass relative to the total body may be wholly responsible for the age-related decrease in basal metabolic rate.

• Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organ. 
• A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. 
• Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues.
  
  

Abscistic acid is a plant hormone which promotes senescence of leaves and causes abscission of flowers and fruits.

All living beings grow by the cell division and metabolic processing like respiration, nutrition etc. The living being is made up of cells hence their division happens inside the body and thus the growth happens from inside.

Bacteria are single-celled organisms that exhibit a cellular level of organization. Viruses are generally considered non-cellular, while animals and plants exhibit tissue or organ-system levels of organization.

The human body typically has 206 bones (not 200) and 33 vertebrae (not 30). Since the other options contain incorrect information, 'None of these' is the correct choice.

The living organisms are made up of the cells in which the atom forms the basis of all the structures in the cells like the proteins, lipids, fats, nucleic acids, etc. The living organisms are composed of cells, tissues, and ATP as the common source of energy. The non-living things are made up of the atoms which form the material. 

The living organisms are composed of cells which form the tissues. The tissues when damaged are repaired and replaced by the new cells. Irritability is the ability of an organism to respond to the external stimulus. The organism exhibit movement on receiving the stimulus from the internal or the external environment. The most common example of irritability is shown by the Mimosa plant which folds the leaflets on stimulus with touch. 

• Homoeostasis is the process that helps to maintain an equilibrium between the processes or the concentration of the fluid inside and outside the body.
• The process of homeostasis can be achieved by morphological adaptation in the form of gills or through physiological adaptation by a change in temperature or through behavioral adaptation to survive in extreme conditions. 

Reproduction is a process of producing offsprings from parents. It can be sexual, asexual or vegetative. Only sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes. It ensures continuity of a species by producing its own kind and also a transfer of genes in further generations.

Changes in structure and function of living beings is called as development. Development is important in an organism for in survival in the competition of nature. Development leads to adaptations that increase the chances of survival of an organism. 

Photosynthesis is a metabolic process done by plants to produce starch from carbon dioxide and water in presence of sunlight. During this process, residual oxygen atoms are turned to the oxygen molecules as a byproduct. So it's cannot be compared to absorption, movement, and response to stimuli.

Buds of potato are a type of vegetative reproductive part of the potato. These buds can individually be grown as a whole new plant with proper habitat and nutrition. 

Stomata are pores found on the surface ie. epidermis of the leaf. These are used for the exchange of gases and releasing water by the process of transpiration. In some plants, calcium salts are also excreted through these pores. So the correct option is B "excretion".

As a response to external stimuli, the plants show movement. For eg. plants tend to move towards the source of light, this is positive phototropism. It is prominently seen in sunflower. It also shows hydrotropism in the roots.

• The ageing profile of dogs varies according to their adult size (often determined by their breed): smaller dogs often live over 15 to 16 years.
• Whereas the medium and large sized dogs typically live for 10 to 13 years and some giant dog breeds such as mastiffs, often live only for 7 to 8 years.
• So, the average lifespan for a dog is 12- 18 years.
• So, the correct answer is option '12-18 years'.

Characters like growth, reproduction, metabolism, responsiveness to stimuli are all defining characteristics of living organisms

The generic epithet starts with a capital letter while the specific epithet starts with a small letter. It can be illustrated with the example of Mangifera indica.

The scientific names or biological names consist of two components- a generic name and a specific epithet. The name with two components are called binomial.
The scientific names are universal, being used all over the world irrespective of the language of the people. They are often descriptive, indicating some important characteristic of the organism.

Adaptation is the ability of an organism to modify or change according to the conditions of the environment. This ability allows the organism to change some of the structures permanently and evolve to form a more sustainable organism. This property improves the chances of survival of the organism in a particular area. 

Excretion is process by which nitrogenous waste is thrown out of body. It is done to avoid toxicity in body by the waste, maintain pH and water level. It's done by various organs like kidney in human, nephridia in worms, etc.