Types of cell - class-VIII

The cellular and genomic organisation of prokaryotes are fundamentally different from that of eukaryotes. 

Cell wall is found in bacteria (prokaryotes), fungi, algae and plants
(eukaryotes). Bacterial cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan
(murein). Algal cell walls are made up of gylcoproteins and
polysaccharides. The cell walls of fungi are composed of chitin. Plant
cell walls consists of a variety of polysaccharides, lipids, proteins
etc. Prokaryotes lack nuclear membrane, and membrane bound subcellular
organelles. Genetic material is naked and is called nucleoid.

So, the correct answer is 'Cell wall'.

Prokaryotic cells are primitive cells. They do not possess many membrane bound organelles as endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes etc. Therefore, option B is correct. 

On the basis of the structure of cells, organisms are classified as eukaryote and prokaryote. The main differentiating factor between a eukaryote and prokaryote is that the cell organelles of eukaryotic cells are membrane-bound, while that of others are not.
Hence, the correct answer is D.

Prokaryotic cells do not possess membrane bound organelles. It possesses ribosomes which are not bounded by membrane. Ribosomes are necessary for protein synthesis. Hence, option A is correct.

• Both animal and plant cells are eukaryotic cells. 
• A plant cell differs from an animal cell in being surrounded by a well-developed cell wall. 

Eukaryotic cells have a 'eu' or advanced nucleus having a well developed nuclear membrane, nucleolus and histone proteins for packaging of chromatin material. Eukaryotic cell also possesses several membrane bound organelles like plastids and mitochondria.

Presence of a cellulosic cell wall is a characteristic feature of plant cell. The cell wall present in a plant cell is dead at maturity. Animal cells lack cellulosic cell wall. Plant cells have chlorophyll present inside cell organelles called plastids. Chlorophyll captures light energy which is used by plants in photosynthesis. Thus, plants are autotrophic. An animal cell lacks chlorophyll. Hence, animals are heterotrophic.

Transcription is the process of formation of RNA from DNA. Transcription takes place inside the nucleus, where the DNA of a cell is stored. Since eukaryotes have a defined membrane bound nucleus, therefore transcription always takes place inside the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
Translation, on the other hand is the process of production of proteins from messenger RNA. Production of proteins require ribosomes and ribosomes are found in cytoplasm. Thus, translation always occurs inside cytoplasm, whether it is a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell.
In prokaryotes, however there is no define membrane bound nucleus. The DNA or the genetic material of prokaryotes lie inside cytoplasm only. Therefore, prokaryotic cells are the only cells where transcription and translation both occurs inside cytoplasm.
Hence, the correct option 'Prokaryotic cell'.

The basic difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is the presence and absence of a nuclear membrane. The eukaryotic cells are considered true cells because they possess a nuclear membrane and prokaryotes are considered false cells as they lack it.

So, the correct answer is 'Prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane-bounded nucleus, but eukaryotic cells do have such nucleus'.

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes. A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.

• Golgi apparatus is not present in Prokaryotes, because prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound structures such as mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus. while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound structures.

Prokaryotes do not possess membrane-bound organelles and well-defined nucleus. Nucleoid is a region in a prokaryotic cell, where most of the genetic material resides. It is not a well-defined membrane-bound region. 
Eukaryotes possess a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles as mitochondria, Golgi complex, etc. Nucleus is bound with double membrane in eukaryotic cells in which most of the genetic material is present. 

Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of chromatin, a nucleoprotein - DNA coiled around histone proteins while prokaryotic chromosomes are circular chromosome attached to the inside of the cell membrane. They are single chromosome plus plasmids

Prokaryotic cells are primitive cells. They do not have well defined membrane bound nucleus. Nuclear material of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome which is in direct contact with cytoplasm. Here, the undefined nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called as nucleoid, i.e., there is no nuclear membrane. 

Bacteria and plant cells possess DNA, RNA and cell wall. Bacteria being a prokaryote, lacks membrane bounded nucleus. Their genetic material is present in undefined nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called as nucleoid. while plant is a eukaryote, which has organized nucleus with double wall nuclear membrane.

Animal cell, plant cell and bacterium have plasma membrane, cytoplasm and ribosomes as common parts. Cell organelles and nucleus are absent in bacterial cell but present in animal and plant cells.

Prokaryotic cells are primitive cells. They
do not possess many membrane bound organelles as mitochondria, lysosomes etc.
They also do not have well defined membrane bound nucleus. Nuclear
material of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome which is
in direct contact with cytoplasm. Here, the undefined nuclear region
in the cytoplasm is called as nucleoid, i.e., there is no nuclear membrane. 

In the prokaryotic cell, there is no definite nucleus with a nuclear membrane. But the genetic material is distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the cell. Along with some of them may have cell wall and mitochondria.

Organisms are divided into five kingdoms by R.H.Whittaker. According to this classification all the prokaryotes and unicellular organisms are grouped under kingdom Monera and some in kingdom Protista.

Animals are multi-cellular and eukaryotic. Most of them are highly developed as compared to plants. They have a specific locomotory organ for moving from one place to another.

Plants don't have excretory system, thus possess larger vacuole to store their waste metabolites. Whereas animals have comparatively smaller vacuoles used for storage's of food materials. Thus the number of vacuoles in animal cell would be larger due to its size as compared to plants.

Prokaryotic cells synthesize a set of small, usually basic proteins that bind DNA and are collectively called histone- like proteins because their biochemical properties resemble eukaryotic histones but histones are absent in Bacteria

• Pilus refers to a thin and rigid hair-like appendage that protrudes from the cell surface of bacteria (prokaryotic cell) and is responsible for bacterial conjugation.
• They are absent in eukaryotic cells.
• The ribosomes present in a bacteria and the cellular organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) are 70S type and those present in a eukaryotic cell (both plants and animals) are 80S type.
• So, the correct answer is 'a and b are wrong, c is correct'.

Plant and animal cells have several differences and similarities. For example, animal cells do not have a cell wall or chloroplasts but plant cells do. Animal cells are mostly round and irregular in shape while plant cells have fixed, rectangular shapes.

The differences between initiation step of protein synthesis in eukaryotes and prokaryotes are : 

The primary distinction between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell is based on the nucleus. Hence, a cell having a 'pro' or primitive nucleus is called as prokaryotic, where the word 'karyon' means nucleus. Similarly, the cells with the advanced or well-developed nucleus are called as eukaryotic, where the word 'karyon' means nucleus. A prokaryotic cell also lacks membrane-bound cell organelles like chloroplast, mitochondria, Golgi bodies. etc., which are a characteristic of eukaryotic cell.

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella have the same function in the organism. They both are located on the cell membrane. However, they differ in their structure and dynamics. Eukaryotic flagella are microtubule-based structures. They are attached to the cell at the cell membrane by basal bodies. Prokaryotic flagella are located outside of the plasma membrane. Prokaryotic flagella show rotatory movement. Whereas eukaryotic flagella show lashing movement. The movement of prokaryotic flagella is proton-driven whereas the movement of eukaryotic flagella is ATP driven. Eukaryotic flagella show 9 + 2 microtubules arrangement.