Socialism in europe and the russian revolution - class-IX

The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party(1898)

Karl Marx’s wanted free access and distribution of goods and services to everyone. He believed that with this principle abundance of goods would be produced and there will be enough to satisfy everyone's needs.

The 616-member parliament, termed the Federal Assembly, consists of two houses, the 450-member State Duma (the lower house) and the 166-member Federation Council (the upper house).

The February- 19171917 revolution in Russia abolished monarchy while the October- 19171917 established socialism

During 1920s and 1930s the Soviet Union was ruled by Communist party (Bolsheviks) which does not believe in private property. After the Russian revolution the farm lands were taken over by the government and combined to form big Government owned farms where the farmers would work as laborers. This process was known as Collectivization. Its target was to improve food security, food supply to urban areas and supply of raw material to industries. Although the programme failed badly leading to famine and starvation and death of thousands of people.

Rasputin was born in a peasant family in Serbia who later took pilgrimage to a monastery and became a monk. He created social influence in Petersburg and befriended Russian rulers the Tsars. He became a healer and mentor for Tsar's son and his wife. When during First World War Nicholas II (Tsar Ruler) went to oversee Russian armies, he became very powerful in government matters. This created jealousy and enmity for him and he was finally assassinated by some noblemen in 1916 AD.

"Wage Labour and Capital" is an essay on economics by Karl Marx, written in 1847 and first published in articles in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in April 1849. This essay has been widely acclaimed as the precursor to Marx’s important treatise Das Kapital.

Bolsheviks, member of a wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party, which, led by Lenin, seized control of the government in Russia (October 1917) and became the dominant political power. The group originated at the party’s second congress (1903) when Lenin’s followers, insisting that party membership be restricted to professional revolutionaries, won a temporary majority on the party’s central committee and on the editorial board of its newspaper Iskra. They assumed the name Bolsheviks and dubbed their opponents the Mensheviks (“Those of the Minority”).

Stalin believed in rapid development of heavy industrialization and it was a key in first five year plan. It led to high demand for foods and Stalin collectivized and shortened agriculture duration. Though they struggled with the foreign relations initially due to their capitalist belief, the international community accepted them. The Russians believed in social realism.

Karl Marx studied political economy and capitalism for his Economic and Philosophical manuscript and framed a new political economic theory scientific socialism.

In December 1904, the liberals called for political reforms and a constitution. The Czar issued a manifesto which promised many demands however crucial demands weren’t included. Upon many sympathy strikes, huge number of workers went to the Winter Palace to sign a petition but the troops fired causing about 1000 deaths. This was called as Bloody Sunday and it was the start of the Russia Revolution.

The Russian Revolution took place in 1917, during the final phase of World War I. It removed Russia from the war and brought about the transformation of the Russian Empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), replacing Russia's traditional monarchy with the world's first Communist state.

Russian Revolution is the collective term for a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the eventual rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II, and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917 (March in the Gregorian calendar; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time). In the second revolution that October, the Provisional Government was removed and replaced with a Bolshevik (Communist) government.

Vladimir Lenin was the founder and primary leader of the Bolshevik Party, which led the October Revolution in Russia in 1917.

Answer- (A) - 1917

Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire were Enlightenment thinkers whose ideas influenced the French Revolution. Karl Marx lived in the 19th century and was not associated with the 1789 revolution.

After Lenin's death in 1924, a power struggle happened for a brief time. Stalin then came to power by suppressing all political parties. He then created Marxism-Leninism.

USSR didn't suffer much due to the Great Depression as its economy was not deeply integrated and linked with that of western countries. In fact, it benefited to a certain level by acquiring the services of specialist farmers, engineers etc who were finding it hard to find jobs in their own countries.

The Russian Revolution of 1905, was instrumental in the transformation of the Russian government from an autocracy into a constitutional monarchy. Bloody Sunday is the name given to the events of Sunday, on 22 January  1905 in St Petersburg, Russia, when unarmed demonstrators led by Father Georgy Gapon were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard as they marched towards the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. Officials recorded that about 96  people were dead and 333 were injured.

On February 21, 1848, The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx with the assistance of Friedrich Engels, was published in London by a group of German-born revolutionary socialists known as the Communist League.

Tsar Nicholas II was the last Czar of the Russian empire, succeeded his father in 1894. Nicholas and his wife Alexandra of Hesse were coroneted as ruler in 1896. As a ruler he instructed the building of the Trans-Siberian railroad. He took charge of the military during World War I and left his wife and her advisor to internal social affairs. Years of discontent in policies in Russia and led the Russian revolution and in 1918 Nicholas and his family were executed. It was under his authority that Russia aligned itself with Serbia that began a cascade toward war. With his defeat, Russia could no longer support the war and retracted.

Bloody Sunday is the name given to the events of Sunday, 22 January 1905 in St Petersburg, Russia, when unarmed demonstrators led by Father Georgy Gapon were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard as they marched towards the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.

Lenin used the slogan "All power to the soviets!" to oppose the Provisional Government led by Kerensky. Based on the Bolshevik view of the state, the word soviet extended its meaning to any overarching body that obtained the authority of a group of soviets.

The Russian Revolution took place in 1917, during the final phase of World War I. It removed Russia from the war and brought about the transformation of the Russian Empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), replacing Russia's traditional monarchy with the world's first Communist state.

The workers' revolts in St. Petersburg, particularly during the 1905 revolution, were driven by poor working conditions, low pay, and long working hours.

He led the workers, the common people and the intellectuals of Russia and marched to the royal palace where the people were attacked by the soldiers of the Tsar in 1905 on a Sunday. The event is known as Bloody Sunday.

(i) Nicholas II :- Nicholas II was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917.

(ii) Imperialism :- Imperialism is an action that involves a country extending its power by the acquisition of territories. It may also include the exploitation of these territories, an action that is linked to colonialism.

(iii) Socialism :- Socialism is a range of economic and social system characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of producttion, as well as the political ideologies, theories and movements that aim to establish them.

(iv) Christoper Columbus :-  Christoper Columbus was an Italian explorer, navigator. who discovered "New World" of America.

In Jan, 1905 under the leadership of Father Georgii Gapon drafted a petition for the improved working condition and some political reforms for the steel workers of St. Petersburg. This petition led to shooting of several hundred workers outside Winter Palace.

Lenin
was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He is
considered to be first communist revolutionary in the world. Lenin was founder of
the Russian Communist Party. He was the leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and
architect and first head of the Soviet state. He developed political theories which
are known as Leninism. Leninism is the political theory for the democratic
organisation of a revolutionary vanguard party and the achievement of a
dictatorship of the proletariat, as political prelude to the establishment of
socialism.

The Civil War in Russia was a result of the emergence of opposition against the Bolsheviks. The opposition groups included monarchists, militarists, and, for a short time, foreign nations. Collectively, they were known as the Whites while the Bolsheviks were known as the Reds. The Russian Civil War tore Russia apart during a three-year period, from 1918 and 1921.

Due to acute shortages of grain supplies and outdated modes of production Stalin introduced the collectivization programme. Under this program, peasants were forced to cultivate on collective farms called as Kolkhoz. Those who resisted collectivization programme were severely punished and many were deported and exiled. Independent cultivation was also allowed but such cultivators were treated unsympathetically. This programme did not lead to an increase in production immediately.  

Tsar dissolve Duma in 1906 because he was scared of liberalism.

The Imperial Russian Army (also known as 'Russian steamroller') was the armed force of the Russian Empire, active from around 1721 to the Russian Revolution of 1917 when Tsar Nicholas II was ruling the country. It consisted of more than 900,000 regular soldiers and was the largest armed force during the First World War. The army also played an important role in the downfall of the Tsarist power.

At the start of the 20th century in Russia, all the power was vested in the hands of a hereditary monarch who was called "Tsar". But when Tsar regime was under attack pro- Tsarists group came into existence during the early years of the 1900s. They were called 'White' and controlled most of the Russian empire from 1918 to 1919.