Some commercially important alcohols - class-XII

Reaction:
$C _2H _5Br+NaOH\rightarrow C _2H _5OH$

Reaction:
$CH _3CH _2Cl + KOH \rightarrow  C _2H _5OH + KCl + H _2O$

Commercial manufacturing occurs by fermentatiomn of molasses though natural fermentation in yeasts occurs by conversion of starch to ethanol.

Alcoholic beverages contain ethyl alcohol (ethanol). Alcohol by volume(ABV) is a standard measure of how much alcohol ethyl alcohol is contained in a given volume of an alcoholic beverage.

Ethanol is used in medical wipes and in most common antibacterial hand sanitizer gels at a concentration of about 62% v/v as an antiseptic. Ethanol kills organisms by denaturing their proteins and dissolving their lipids and is effective against most bacteria and fungi, and many viruses, but is ineffective against bacterial spores.

Ethanol can be prepared by the fermentation of molasses. This is a biochemical process in which enzymes react to degrade biomass. Reduction, polymerization and oxidation reactions doesn't necessarily need

Ethanol is used to prepare acetaldehyde.

Ethanol burns to produce carbon dioxide and water and can be used as a fuel on its own or in mixtures with petrol (gasoline). "Gasohol" is a petrol/ethanol mixture containing approximately $10%$-$20%$ ethanol.

Alcoholic fermentation converts one mole of sucrose into two moles of ethyl alchohol, also known as ethanol and two moles of carbon dioxide, producing two moles of ATP in the process. The overall chemical reaction for fermentation of alcohol is as follow:

Alcohol is used in large qualities to produce alcoholic ilquiors or beverages throughout the world. Excessive drinking of it damages kidney and produces other vices. So, to refrain people from drinking it, government controls its production and supply . This is done by making it unfit for drinking by addituion of poisonous, substances like methanol, action, pyridine, $CuSO _4.$ It is called methylated spirit/denatured alcohol. 

Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha, methyl hydrate, or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CH₃OH.

Carbinol is a trivial name of methanol $CH _3OH$.

Methanol is prepared on an industrial scale from a mixture of CO and H2. The mixture is subjected to 200atm pressure and passed over ZnO and Cr2O3 catalyst at 400 to 450 degrees celsius.

A
A:- HCOOH
B:- $CH _{3}OH$
Therefore the ester is $HCOOCH _{3}$

 Methanol acquired the name wood spirit because it was once produced chiefly by the destructive distillation of wood.

The reaction of ethylene with ${H} _{2}{SO} _{4}$ at ${80}^{o}C$ gives ethyl hydrogensulphate.
$CH _2=CH _2+H _2SO _4 \rightarrow CH _3CH _2OSO _2OH$
Water gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) at high temperature gives methanol.
$CO + 2H _2 \rightarrow CH _3OH$.
Alkaline hydrolysis of methyl bromide gives methanol 
$CH _3Br + H _2O \rightarrow CH _3OH + HBr$

Methanol has a boiling point of $64.7^0$C whereas ethanol has a boiling point of $78.24^0$C. So, all the statements are correct.

Methanol is a light, volatile, colorless, miscible, flammable liquid with a distinctive odor very similar to that of ethanol (drinking alcohol).

Methanol acquired the name "wood spirit" because it was once produced chiefly as a byproduct of the destructive distillation of wood.

Aluminum and its alloys resist most alcohols, however, some alcohols like methanol can be very corrosive when  extremely dry, especially at elevated temperatures.

Methanol is a light, volatile, colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive odor very similar to that of ethanol (drinking alcohol).

Methanol is toxic in nature and very unfit for drinking purposes.Its consumption can lead to early blindness and further causing death.

Currently, methanol is being developed and utilized as a marine fuel. Interest in methanol as a ship fuel is growing in response to international regulatory changes and cost advantages relative to other fuels. Methanol is an alternative which is sulphur free, has low emissions; perhaps three to four times cheaper than marine distillate fuel; and has a higher score on the International Martine Organization (IMO) energy efficiency design index (EEDI)than LNG or diesel. Globally, Methanol is already in widespread production (~70 million tons per annum) for a multitude of chemical and energy applications, and is one of the world’s most widely shipped chemicals.

Syngas is also called as water gas which is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Methanol is known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirit because it was once produced as a byproduct of the destructive distillation of wood.

Solution:- (A) bakelite, a hard plastic.

Anitfreeze agents work to prevent the vehicle from overheating in summers and freezing in winters. The anifreeze agents used are ;ethyl alcohol + water and methyl alcohol + water.

Steps for the conversion of calcium carbide to methyl alcohol:
(b) Hydrolysis
(d) Reaction with $Ha{SO} _{4}/{H} _{2}{SO} _{4}$
(e) Reaction with $Hg{SO} _{4}$
(c) Reaction with soda lime
(f) Reaction with $P{Cl} _{5}$
(a) Reaction with aqueous $KOH$
$CaC _2 + 2 H _2O\rightarrow C _2H _2 + Ca(OH) _2 \Rightarrow C _2H _2  + H _2SO _4/ HgSO _4 \rightarrow CH _3CHO
 \Rightarrow CH _3CHO + H _2SO _4\rightarrow CH _3COOH \Rightarrow CH _3COOH + NaOH + CaO \rightarrow CH _3COONa
 \Rightarrow CH _3COONa + PCl _5 \rightarrow CH _3Cl\Rightarrow CH _3Cl + KOH \rightarrow CH _3OH$

Partial oxidation of hydrocarbons produces methanol.

An industrial method for the preparation of methanol is by catalytic reduction of carbon monoxide.
$ \displaystyle \underset {  \displaystyle  \text { Synthetic gas } }{\underset {  \displaystyle  \text { water gas } }{CO+H _2}+H _2} \xrightarrow [ \text { 300 deg C, pressure }]{Cr _2O _3-ZnO} \underset {  \displaystyle  \text { Methanol } }{CH _3-OH}$