Drugs and Their Types - Class XI

• Barbiturates are sedative-hypnotic drugs that were once commonly used as sedatives or anti-anxiety medications. Some people abuse barbiturates because they desire the pleasant psychoactive effects of these drugs, which are similar to those of alcohol. These effects include making the user feel happy, more relaxed, talkative and less inhibited.
  
• Amphetamines are the CNS stimulants prescribed for the treatment of narcolepsy, hyperactivity, asthma. Amphetamines are often abused for their ability to suppress appetite. Its misuse may have a devastating and long-lasting possibly permanent impact on the person abusing them.
• Benzodiazepines are a class of sedative drugs administered for the relief of symptoms associated with anxiety, panic disorders, seizures, muscle spasms and alcohol withdrawal. They depress CNS resulting in sedation and feeling of relaxation.
• Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) belongs to a group of drugs known as hallucinogens. A person does not experience physical withdrawal symptoms when they stop using LSD.

Nerve depressants or CNS depressants are the substances that slow the brain activity. This includes sedatives and tranquilizers. This makes them useful for treating anxiety and sleep disorders.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D), 'Are sedatives and tranquillisers both'.

Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant of the methylxanthine class of psychoactive drugs. It is a bitter, white crystalline purine, a methylxanthine alkaloid, and thus closely related chemically to the adenine and guanine contained in DNA and RNA.
So, the correct answer is option C.

LSD or lysergic acid diethylamide is mood-changing chemical.
A sedative or tranquillizer is a substance, that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement of nervous activity.
Narcotics are any of a class of substances that blunt senses.
Stimulant is psychoactive drugs, that induce temporary improvements.
So, the correct answer is option D.

Morphine is a potent opiate analgesic that is extracted from the latex of the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum).

Psychotropic drug is any chemical substance, that changes brain function and results in alterations in perceptions, mood or consciousness. Commonly used psychotropic drugs are anxiolytics, euphoriants, stimulants, depressants like sedatives, hypnotics and narcotics and hallucinogens.
So, the correct answer is option C.

THC is the abbreviated form of tetrahydrocannabinol. It is one of the compounds found in the resins which are secreted by the glands of Cannabis plant. It is considered as the mind-altering ingredient. The drug shows many physiological effects on the individual's memory, concentration, co-ordination, thinking, perception, movements, etc. The drug is considered to be a hallucinogen and recreates environment in the individual's mind which is not existing in reality.

Heroin is an opiate, which produces a quick, intense feeling of pleasure followed by a sense of well-being and calm.
Metastasis is the property of malignant tumors (and not benign tumors) to spread from one place to another in the body.
Cannabinoids (THC) appears to ease moderate pain (analgesic) and to be neuroprotective and hence is given after surgeries.

Atropa bellandona produces the drug belladona. It is an alkaloid which is atropine and hyoscyamine. The leaves and root contain the alkaloid. It is used to cure and relieve pain.

Opium is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Opium latex contains approximately 12% of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and for the illegal drug trade. The latex also contains the closely related opiates codeine and thebaine and non-analgesic alkaloids, such as papaverine and noscapine. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which works by reducing the hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body. Ibuprofen is so used to reduce fever and treat pain  (analgesic) and inflammation caused by many conditions like toothache, headache, back pain, arthritis etc.
Thus, the correct answer is option C

Barbiturates are central nervous system depressants that produce feelings of relaxation and euphoria in controlled doses, whereas the other options mischaracterize the effects of the listed drugs.

Barbiturates are drugs which inhibit the activity of the central nervous system. They depress the activity and have an analgesic effect. These produce mild sedation to total anaesthesia. They are also effective as anxiolytics, hypnotics and anticonvulsants.
Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Valium is a benzodiazepine (sedative) that gives a feeling of relaxation, calmness or drowsiness in the body. It is used to treat anxiety, alcohol withdrawal etc.

Rauwolfia serpentina or Reserpine (Family  - Apocyanaceae) has several alkoloids - reserpine, reserpinine, serpentine, sarpajmaline etc.

Opium, morphine, heroin, etc., are opiate narcotics, which suppress brain functions relieve pain, whereas sedatives and tranquillizers depress brain activity and produce feelings of calmness, e.g., barbiturates (sleeping pills), benzodiazepines (tranquillizers). So, the correct answer is option C.

Reserpine is an alkaloid extracted from the roots of the plant,  𝘙𝘢𝘶𝘸𝘰𝘭𝘧𝘪𝘢 𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘱𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘢 and it has been used as an antihypertensive medication i.e., to reduce high blood pressure. It produces a fall in B.P known as hypotension. Apart from being an antihypertensive drug, Reserpine is also an antipsychotic/traquilizer used in reducing anxiety and tension producng a calming/soothing effect.
So, the correct answer is ' 𝘙𝘢𝘶𝘸𝘰𝘭𝘧𝘪𝘢 𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘱𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘢'.

Valium (diazepam) is a benzodiazepine that acts as a central nervous system depressant, inducing calmness, relaxation, and drowsiness.

Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease, that can occur after an infection of the throat with bacterium, Streptococcus pyogenes or group A streptococcus.  Various corticosteroid, such as prednisone may be given for treatment.
Acute glomerulo-nephritis is inflammation of the glomeruli. Corticosteroids and immune-suppressing drugs are taken to control inflammation.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that typically affects the small joints in the hands and feet. NSAIDs or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are given to relieve pain and inflammation and also, corticosteroid, such as prednisone.
Thus, the correct answer is option D

Cyclosporin A is acyclic oligopeptide obtained through fermentative activity of fungus Trichoderma polysporum. It has anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. It inhibits activation of T-cells and therefore, prevents rejection reactions in organ transplantation. 

Valium (diazepam) is a member of benzodiazepine drugs which act on the brain and nerves (central nervous system) to produce a calming effect. It is used to relieve anxiety and nervousness. After taking a valium, a person feels calmness, relaxation, and drowsiness. It is also used to relieve muscle spasms and to provide sedation before medical procedures. It works by enhancing the effects of a certain natural chemical in the body (GABA). Hence, the correct answer is option D.

Aspirin is the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It is used to reduce fever and pain. Aspirin, a longtime antidote for the side effects of drinking, may actually enhance alcohol's effect. Aspirin significantly lowered the body's ability to break down alcohol in the stomach. Aspirin interferes with the action of an enzyme in the stomach lining called alcohol dehydrogenase and erodes the mucosal lining of the stomach, which breaks down a portion of each drink consumed before it enters the bloodstream. Aspirin probably has no effect on alcohol once it has been absorbed and is circulating.