Ancient World Civilizations - Class IX

 Kamagatamaru was a Ship carrying 370 passangers , that was going from  Singapore to Canada , but was turned back by Canadian authorities in the year 1914.

Indra is the most referred to deity in the Rigveda. He is celebrated for his powers and the one who kills the great symbolic evil named Vritra who obstructs human prosperity and happiness.

Periplus is indeed a Greek term for a sailing itinerary or guide. However, the Erythraean Sea in ancient Greek geography referred to the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, not the Mediterranean.

The Harappan script is regarded as pictographic since its signs represent birds, fish and a verity of human forms. The script was boustrophedon, written from right to left on one line and then from left to right in the next line. The number of signs of the Harappan script is known to be between 400 and 600. It is not deciphered yet.

Roman coins have been found in large quantities across Southern India, serving as evidence of the extensive maritime trade between the Roman Empire and the Indian peninsula.

The passage explicitly states that South Indian rulers did not melt the coins but instead defaced them with a sharp cut across the emperor's face to indicate that his sovereignty was not recognized.

India exported a wide variety of goods to the Roman Empire, including textiles like muslin, spices, gems, and leather goods. Therefore, all listed items were significant exports.

The mention of Romaka (Roman) and Paulisa (Paul/Greek) Siddhantas in Indian astronomical texts suggests a significant exchange of knowledge and interaction between Indian and Western (Greco-Roman) astronomers.

Mesopotamian civilization developed in the Tigris-Euphrates valley (modern Iraq), Egyptian in the Nile Valley, and Chinese in the Yellow River valley (China).

The Chinese civilization, particularly during the Han and later dynasties, established the Imperial Examination system, which selected officials based on merit and education rather than hereditary status.

The Law of the Twelve Tables was the legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law, providing a framework for social and legal relations in the Roman Republic.

The Great Sphinx of Giza is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx, a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human, iconic to ancient Egyptian civilization.

Ancient Chinese scientists were indeed advanced in astronomy (predicting eclipses), mathematics (decimal system), and geometry (calculating pi). Statement 3 is incorrect because the Chinese numerical system was positional, not purely multiplicative in the way described.

Cuneiform is the system of writing developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia, characterized by wedge-shaped marks made on clay tablets.

Mesopotamia, which literally means 'land between the rivers' in Greek, refers to the region located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

The Sumerians and later Babylonians in Mesopotamia used a sexagesimal (base-60) system for counting and mathematics, which is still the basis for our measurement of time and angles.

The collapse of the Roman Empire in the West led to fragmentation and the rise of feudalism, which is historically compared to the fragmentation and political instability following the fall of the Han Dynasty in China.

The Sun god, Ra (or Re), was the central and most important deity in the ancient Egyptian pantheon, representing the life-giving power of the sun.

Ancient Egyptians were highly advanced in geometry (calculating areas), developed a decimal-based numeration system, and created a solar calendar based on the flooding of the Nile.

Roman society was heavily reliant on its sophisticated legal system, including the Twelve Tables and later civil law, to maintain order and regulate the vast, diverse empire.

Both the Shang Dynasty in China and the Egyptian civilization developed complex, early writing systems (Oracle Bone script and Hieroglyphics, respectively) to record administration and religious activities.

The Mandate of Heaven was a political and religious doctrine used in ancient and imperial China to justify the rule of the Emperor, suggesting that the right to rule was granted by heaven based on the ruler's virtue.

The Peloponnesian War was a major conflict in ancient Greece fought between the Delian League, led by Athens, and the Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta.

The Republic is a Socratic dialogue authored by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato concerning justice, the order and character of the just city-state, and the just man.

Ab Urbe Condita (From the Founding of the City) is a monumental history of ancient Rome written in Latin by the historian Livy.

Aristophanes is known as the father of comedy and the greatest representative of ancient Greek comedy, having written many satirical plays.

Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period, best known for his epic poem, the Aeneid.

The construction of the Great Wall of China was initiated by Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of the Qin (Chin) dynasty, to protect his empire from nomadic incursions.

Romulus Augustulus is traditionally recognized as the last Western Roman Emperor, deposed in 476 AD.

Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD, burying the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum under volcanic ash and pumice.

Both the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty were characterized by long periods of centralized bureaucratic rule, which allowed them to maintain stability over vast territories for centuries.

Cleisthenes is credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing, earning him the title of the father of Athenian democracy.

• A landfill is an area that is used to dispose off solid waste material.
• Archaeological evidence of first landfills dates back to 3000 BC at Crete in Greece where waste was deposited in pits that were subsequently covered up with earth when full.