International Issues - Class VIII

"Long Walk to Freedom" is an autobiographical work written by South African President Nelson Mandela, and first published in 1994 by Little Brown & Co. The book profiles his early life, coming of age, education and 27 years in prison. Under the apartheid government, Mandela was regarded as a terrorist and jailed on the infamous Robben Island for his role as a leader of the then-outlawed ANC.

Nice citizens were the victims of a terror attack, when a terrorist at the wheel of a heavy truck slammed into crowds celebrating Bastille Day in French city Nice.

• President Francois Hollande said that France was filled with sadness by this new tragedy. Theres no denying the terrorist nature of this attack.
• Driver identified by the police as a 31-year-old Tunis born Frenchman also opened fire before officers shot him dead and was wanted by the police in connection with crimes like theft and violence.
• ISIS claimed responsibility on 16th July 2016 for the terror attack by Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel who used a hired lorry to kill 84 people in a Bastille day rampage.
• The attacker carried out the operation in response to calls to target the citizens of coalition nations fighting IS.

Nelson Mandela was an anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist. He served as the president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism. He was born on 18th July 1918.

The system of forced racial segregation in South Africa was known as apartheid. It was abolished in the year 1991 after a long struggle of great personalities like Nelson Mandela.

Nelson Mandela was an anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist. He served as the president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalized racism.

Nelson Mandela was an anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist. Fighting against racism Mandela served 27 years in prison, initially on Robben Island, and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. President F.W. de Klerk ordered Nelson Mandela’s release from prison in the year 1990.

Terrorism means the systematic use of terror as a means of coercion. It refers to those violent acts which are intended to create fear. Such acts are based on religious, political or ideological goal causing heavy damage to men and materials. Apart from these, terrorism creates heavy psychological impact.  Examples of terrorist groups include ISIS, Lashkar- e-taiba etc.

ISIS stands for Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. It is also known as Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. It is a militant group that follows a fundamentalist, Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam.

South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist Nelson Mandela passed away in Johannesburg on 5 December 2013. Fighting against racism Mandela served 27 years in prison.

The Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 (POTA) was an Act passed by the Parliament of India in 2002, with the objective of strengthening anti-terrorism operations. The Act was enacted due to several terrorist attacks that were being carried out in India and especially in response to the attack on the Parliament.

Among the given options Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi are assassinated by action of terrorist group. Lal Bahdur Shastri the second prime minister of India was not assassinated but passed away due to health effects in Uzbekistan during the time of Tashkent agreement in order to end Indo-Pakistan War of 1965. 

In 1989, F.W. de Klerk became South African president and set about dismantling apartheid. De Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC, suspended executions, and in February 1990 ordered the release of Nelson Mandela.

On 29^th September 2016 Indian Army conducted surgical strikes on terror launch pads across the LoC. Along with it India withdrew MFN status of Pakistan. MFN stands for most favoured nation which was granted to Pakistan in 1996.

In 1989, F.W. de Klerk became South African president and set about dismantling apartheid. De Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC, suspended executions, and in February 1990 ordered the release of Nelson Mandela.

Petitions in the US and UK have declared Pakistan the neighbouring country of India as a state sponsor of terrorism. Petition was made to white house with more than 6 lakh signatures to declare Pakistan as state sponsor of terrorism.

Following deadly attacks by ISIS in Nice and Istanbul, India and Malaysia have agreed to engage with one another on combating the threat posed by the global terrorist organisation. This is because India and Malaysia are two democratic countries aimed to combat terror groups which are attracting youngsters with extremist ideology.

On 2 January 2016 a heavily armed terrorist group attacked Pathankot Air Force Station. The operation launched by the Indian Army to neutralise the attackers was called "Operation Dhangu" or "Dhangu Suraksha", named after the place Dhangu where the base is located.

The Westphalia order recognized Nation's complete sovereignty and it's the authority to determine the matter within the boundaries without any interference from outside. It assumes the authority of a state as highest except when the state gives consent otherwise. The Post -Westphalia order depicts the era in which international organizations are becoming increasingly independent sites of authority. The non-state actors are becoming authoritative in determining world order and they would exercise the authority in such a manner that it could endanger the basic human rights, democracy and rule of law for the promotion of which these organizations are formed. The state sovereignty is undermined though on a humanitarian basis but intervention and supra authority in the name of maintaining international order can be observed in the post-cold war era.

The term Naxalism derives its name from the village Naxalbari in West Bengal. It was started in West Bengal and slowly spread across East India especially in the less developed rural areas of Chattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. Naxalism is considered to be far-left radical communists that support Maoist political sentiments and ideology.

Nelson Mandela was an anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist. He fought against racial discrimination in South Africa. For his immense work against apartheid Nelson Mandela received Nobel peace prize in the year 1993.

 Human Rights Day is observed every year on 10 December – the day the United Nations General Assembly adopted, in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It establishes the equal dignity and worth of every person. The date was chosen to honour the United Nations General Assembly's adoption and proclamation, on 10 December 1948, of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the first global enunciation of human rights and one of the first major achievements of the new United Nations. Hence, Option A is correct. For the rest of the events, the dates are 24 October 1945, September 1961, 6–8 December 1985 respectively. Hence, these options are incorrect.

The Universal Declaration of Human Right includes civil, political rights and economic, social and cultural rights. These Rights are grouped under five broad categories. Civil Rights is one of them.
CIVIL RIGHTS:

• Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
• All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law.
• Everyone shall have the right to recognition as a person before the law.
• Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948  at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France.

Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights explicitly states that no one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

Right which belong to every human is called human right. Following rights  are included in human right:-

• Right of life
• Right to food
• Right to clothing
• Right to shelter
• Right to education
• Right to health

UDHR stands for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948.

Article 3 of the UDHR states that everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person.

The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, also known as the Stockholm Conference, was held in 1972.

The Stockholm Conference was the first global conference to make the environment a major issue, focusing on human interaction with the natural world.

Human rights are universal rights that belong to every person by virtue of being human, regardless of nationality, sex, or other status.

Sweden was the country that first proposed the idea of a United Nations conference on the human environment, leading to the Stockholm Conference.

The 2015 Paris Conference (COP21) was primarily focused on reaching a legally binding and universal agreement on climate change.

The National Human Rights Commission of India was established in 1993 under the statutory backing of the Protection of Human Rights Act enacted by the Parliament.