Vegetative Propagation in Plants

The tip of the leaf help in vegetative propagation in Adiantum caudatum. It is an evergreen, perennial fern producing fronds up to 60 cm tall from a shortly-creeping rhizome. It is also known as Maidenhair fern because of the shiny black rachis of the leaves. It has buds at the tip of the leaf which helps in vegetative propagation. The buds enter the ground when the leaf bends and touches the soil. There they develop into a new individual. Due to this phenomena, it is also known as walking fern.

Peperomia is a small perennial epiphyte growing on rotten wood. These plants are  naturally propagated by seeds but these are commercially propagated by leaf or stem cuttings. The petiole is an important part of leaf which is used for the propagation. Leaves are harvested from stock plants for which propagation is desired. The petiole section of each leaf is sterilized and cultured on a nutrient media which forms callus and finally develops into a plantlet.

Vegetative propagation is a generation of the new plant with help of vegetative parts of the plant without producing seed. It occurs with stem, root, bulb and leaves. The meristematic cells of the vegetative part undergo rapid division to form a new organism.

A- Underground stems of some plants spread to new niches and when older parts die new plants are formed. e.g., grass and strawberry.

A stolon is a slender branch that grows horizontally above the ground and roots at the nodes, often referred to as an aquatic runner in some contexts.

Answer is option A i.e. "I and II"
Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe can reproduce by the formation of buds on leaves, i.e. they can propagate vegetatively. Mango and guava asexually reproduce or propagated through grafting. Grafting is the basic propagation option for mango and guava.
Whereas, clones have same genetic make-up but not phenotypic (e.g. their height may differ).
Vegetative propagation of sweet potato occurs through adventitious buds.
Oestrus cycle is the period in the sexual cycle of female mammals, except the higher primates.

Onions and gladioli are classic examples of plants that propagate using bulbs, which are underground modified stems with fleshy leaves.

• The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop which is native to America. Potato do not reproduce by sexual reproduction which requires seeds. 
• Potatoes are mainly propagated by vegetative methods (cloning). Potato tubers have nodes or eyes from which the new growth begins. The new stems growing from each eye are called sprouts which give rise to the new plant.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Potatoes'.

Bryophyllum produces plantlets along the margins of its leaves. When they mature, they drop off and root in any suitable soil beneath thereby performing the function of vegetative propagation.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A), 'Leaf'.

When the buds arises on the leaves they are called as epiphyllous buds, e.g., Bryophyllum. Epiphyllous budding is a unique mode of vegetative proliferation in restricted plant species. Leaf detachment induces activation of these buds which then develop into plantlets by differentiating roots and shoot. Leaf detachment not only induces bud differentiation but also concurrently triggers foliar senescence. Inflorescences and vegetative shoots arise from epiphyllous buds on the adaxial surface of the rachis between the pinna pairs.  

Bryophyllum produces plantlets along the margins of its leaves. When they mature, they drop off and root in any suitable soil beneath.
Thus, the correct answer is option (C), 'Leaf'.

Turmeric reproduces via rhizomes, which are modified underground stems.

A loose bulb, where the scales are not tightly packed or tunicated, is often referred to as a scaly or false bulb in botanical terminology.

Vegetative propagation is the growth and development of the plant by asexual means. It occurs from specialized vegetative plant parts. It is made possible by meristem tissue that is commonly found within stems and leaves, as well as at the tips of roots and stems. Meristem tissue contains undifferentiated cells that actively divide by mitosis allowing plant growth.

Populus and Dahlia's plants have the apical meristematic tissue at the tip of their roots.Populus has long roots while Dehlia has tuberous roots.The meristematic tissue cells have the capacity to divide actively and form a new plant in favourable conditions.

Albizia belongs to family fabaceae. In Albizzia, vegetative propagation take place with the help of nonfleshy roots. The non fleshy roots develop adventitious buds which grow to form new plants. 

Plant propagation from the vegetative part of a parent plant through asexual mode is called vegetative propagation. This is possible because of the presence of meristematic tissue capable of cellular differentiation, in many plant tissues. A part of stem, root or leaf can grow adventitious roots and form a new plant.

Vegetative propagation is the formation of new plants from vegetative units such as buds, tubers, rhizomes, etc. This method produces a large number of population of clones in a short time. It preserves purity, resistance and food qualities of race/variety indefinitely. Fleshy roots (root tubers) which develop adventitious buds also take part in vegetative propagation, e.g., sweet potato.

Ginger propagates vegetatively with the help of rhizome. Rhizomes are main underground stems which store food for perennation during unfavourable conditions. These have buds for formation of new aerial during favourable conditions.

Bryophyllum produces plantlets along the margins of its leaves. When they mature, they drop off and root in any suitable soil beneath thereby performing the function of vegetative propagation.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A), 'False'.

Vegetative propagation is type of asexual reproduction in which new plant is produced from root, stem, leaves and bud. New plant is produced from vegetative part so it is called as vegetative propagation.

The vegetative propagation of sweet potato can be done by roots. Sweet potato is a modification of adventitious roots, which grow from the nodes of a running stem and they are irregularly swollen due to storage of food. They can give rise to adventitious buds, which when detached can give rise to new plants thus performing the function of vegetative propagation.
Thus, the correct answer is option (C), 'Roots'.

The plant species exhibiting vegetative reproduction by following structures are:

A phylloclade is a green, flattened, or cylindrical stem that performs photosynthesis. Opuntia (cactus) is a well-known example.

Pistia reproduces primarily vegetatively by means of daughter plants attached to stolons. The daughter plants have the potential to break off from the parent plant and be moved via water currents or boats to start new populations. It can also reproduce sexually via seeds.