Plant classification - class-IX

Anisogamy is a type of sexual reproduction which involves the fusion of two dissimilar gametes.

Fungi are the multicellular eukaryotic organisms. The kingdom Fungi has only heterotrophic organisms.

The Kingdom Plantae is also called as kingdom Metaphyta. The kingdom Plantae includes all types of eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic plants found in this biosphere.

The kingdom Plantae includes all plants i.e., trees, grasses, ferns and mosses, They are multicellular eukaryotes. They have nucleated cells. They have cell organelles like mitochondria and chloroplast. They contain chlorophyll and are capable of making their own food in presence of sunlight. So, they are called autotrophs. Their cells have distinct cellulose wall that other organisms lack. 

Algae is the group of organisms which is comprised of the unicellular and the multicellular organisms. These organisms possess the chlorophyll pigments which help in the trapping of the solar energy. The plants can perform photosynthesis and prepare their own food. The plants are autotrophic and have the ability to produce their own food.

• Euglena is an example of an organism belonging to the kingdom Protista. All green plants are included in the kingdom Plantae.

Cryptogams and phanerogams are the two sub-kingdoms of kingdom plantae.
Porifera is phylum of kingdom Animalia. Thallophyta, Bryophyta and Pteridophyta are the division of kingdom plantae.

Kingdom Plantae includes all multicellular eukaryotic organisms containing chlorophyll. They are autotrophs as they can make their own food with the help of solar energy. The cell wall of plants comprises of cellulose. They have the ability to grow by cell division. They lack motility. Thus, the correct option is C.

Plants and animals though both livings are different in many ways. On considering the cell though the function is the same but structure is different, the plant cell has chloroplast which contains the green pigment chlorophyll. Besides this, the plant cell has a cell wall and large vacuole which are absent in  animal cells. However, in respect to the life cycle of plants and animals, many animals go through larval stages before they metamorphose into adults whereas plants do not have a larval stage. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

The peptidoglycan in the cell wall gives a rigid structure to the entire cell. The cell wall surrounding the cell gives shape to the cell and also prevents it from bursting.

Kingdom monera includes unicellular organisms while kingdom Protista includes eukaryotic unicellular and simple multicellular organisms. Kingdoms fungi and animals include heterotrophic organisms. Kingdom Plantae includes autotrophic multicellular organisms that exhibit tissue or organ/organ system level of body organization. Thus, the correct answer is D.

Kingdom monera includes unicellular prokaryotic BGA and bacteria. Kingdom Protista includes eukaryotic unicellular organisms, algae and all protozoa. Kingdom fungi include multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with the chitinous cell wall. Kingdom Plantae includes autotrophic organisms with cellulosic cell wall while kingdom Animalia includes heterotrophic organisms without the cell wall. The correct answer is C.

Cellulose forms an integral part of the cell wall which provides strength and rigidity to the cell. It helps to maintain the structural integrity of a particular cell. Cellulose is a complex polysaccharide which is made up of  β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.

An archegonium is a multicellular structure or organ of the gametophyte phase of plants, producing and containing the ovum or female gamete. The archegonium has a long neck canal or venter and a swollen base. Archegonia are located on the surface of the plant thallus. Plants having archegonium is known as archegoniate. Bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms are archegoniate plants. so option A is correct.

Mustard is a classic example of a herb, which is a small plant with a soft, green, and non-woody stem. Rose and cotton are typically classified as shrubs.

Plants are categorized as herbs, shrubs, and trees based on their size and stem structure, not based on whether they produce fruits.

Bryophytes, which include mosses, are often called the amphibians of the plant kingdom because they require water for reproduction (sperm motility) but can live on land.

Ferns are pteridophytes that possess true roots, stems, and leaves. Many ferns grow from underground stems called rhizomes.

A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. Some sources cite perennial plants being plants that live more than three years. The term is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials.

Ferns are vascular plants that possess true roots, stems, and leaves. Mosses are non-vascular plants and lack true roots, having rhizoids instead.

Sugar cane is a perennial tropical grass with tall stout jointed stems from which sugar is extracted. Sugarcane is a flowering plant belonging to the monocotyledonous group of angiosperms. Angiosperms are also called as seed plants or flowering plants.

Answer is B. Thallophyta

Plants are sedentary organisms, where as animals show movement due to the presence of locomotory organs.

So, the statement is ‘True’.

Plants are green nonmotile stationery living beings that grow in the soil. These are multicellular and has specialized tissues and organ to perform the various function of the plant body. They helps to prepare their food by photosynthesis with the help of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.

Organisms of kingdom fungi have multicellular or loose tissue. In organisms of kingdom Plantae, the body organisation is tissue or organ grade whereas body organisation in kingdom Animalia is tissue or organ or organ system. In unicellular organisms, all functions like digestion, respiration and reproduction are performed by a single cell. In the complex body of multicellular animals, the same basic functions are carried out by different groups of cells in a well-organised manner. The body of a simple organism like Hydra is made of different types of cells and the number of cells in each type can be in thousands. The human body is composed of billions of cells to perform various functions. In multicellular organisms of fungi, plant and animal kingdoms, a group of similar cells perform a specific function. Such an organisation is called tissue.

The book 'Structure and Reproduction of the Algae' describing taxonomy of algae is written by Felix Eugen Fritsch FRS. He was a British biologist. He gave very comprehensive and authoritative account of classification of algae based on a variety of characters as pigmentation, stored food matter, habit, habitat and method of reproduction. 

X can be thallophytes which have an undifferentiated plant body, that is, in the form of an undivided thallus. Algae are thallophytes belonging to kingdom Plantae. Fungi belong to kingdom Fungi. Y can be pteridophytes which are seedless vascular plants and differentiated into true stern, leaves and roots. Bryophytes are simple land plants with no true roots. The plant body is thallose or foliose. Z can be angiosperms or gymnosperms since both of them have seeds. However, angiosperms have seeds covered by fruit whereas gymnosperms have naked seeds. So, the correct answer is option D. 

Bryophytes are the plants in which the life cycle has two phases gametophytic and sporophytic, alternating to each other. This phenomenon is called alternation of generation. Gametophytic phase is haploid, autotrophic, gametes(male and female) formative and responsible for the sexual reproduction. Sporophytic phase is the subsidiary phase which is diploid, heterotrophic and spore formative and responsible for the asexual reproduction. For example, Riccia, Funaria.

Kingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyllous autotrophic organisms. A few members are partially heterotrophic such as insectivorous plant or parasites. bladderwort and venus fly trap are examples of insectivorous plants and Cuscuta is a parasite. 

Chlorophyta is the green algae that contain the pigment chlorophyll A and chlorophyll b in the well-defined chloroplast. Plants are considered to have evolved from Chlorophyta because plants are green in color and they have chlorophyll A and chlorophyll b pigment just like the Chlorophyta family.