Classification of organisms - class-IX

A fern is any one of a group of about 20,000 species of plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta.

Anwer is A.

The answer is D. Angiosperms

Laminaria is a genus of large brown algae, which belongs to the group Phaeophyceae. These organisms are part of the Thallophyta division, characterized by a thallus-like body structure.

Kingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyllous autotrophic organisms that do photosynthesis and are multicellular with large sized cells.

Option (B) is false.

• The classification term was coined by 'Theophrastus'.
• The term taxonomy was coined by A. P. de Candolle.
  
• Aristotle divided animals into two groups based on whether they have red blood or not.
• Linnaeus proposed a binomial system of nomenclature.
• So, the correct option is 'Theophrastus'.

Lamarck, the French naturalist was the one who introduced the taxonomic distinction between vertebrates and invertebrates.
John ray was the first to give the definition of 'species'.
Carl Linnaeus gave the 'binomial nomenclature' for living beings.

The nervous system of animals has evolved a lot from metazoans to mammals. Cnidarians happen to have the simplest nervous system comprising mainly nerve nets. It is assumed that this is the group of animals that the modern nervous system has evolved from. Hence, it can be said that nerve nets have been replaced by nerve nets and not the other way around.

Herdmania is a genus of tunicates (sea squirts). They possess a simple, valveless, single-chambered heart that periodically reverses the direction of blood flow.

The Bryozoa, also known as Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals, are a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals. They are filter feeders that sieve food particles out of the water using a retractable lophophore a "crown" of tentacles lined with cilia. Most marine species live in tropical waters, but a few occur in oceanic trenches, and others are found in polar waters. 

Larval stages are common in the life cycles of many invertebrates (e.g., insects, mollusks) and some vertebrates (e.g., amphibians like frogs). Therefore, larvae occur in both groups.

In the year 1735, when Linnaeus lived in the Netherlands, he published a book named Systema Naturae. In this book he presented a new classification for the three kingdoms in nature: the animal kingdom, the plant kingdom and the kingdom of stones.

• Binomial nomenclature is the system of nomenclature in which each species of animal or plant receives a name of two terms of which the first identifies the genus to which it belongs and the second the species itself. 
• The genus is capitalized and species is in lowercase, both written in italics. The formal system of nomenclature was introduced by Swedish natural scientist Carl Linnaeus in his book Species Plantarum in 1753.
  Thus the correct answer is option A.

Carolus Linnaeus was interested in the study of plants, he studied the diversity of plants and published 14 papers and also brought out the famous book, Systema Naturae.

• Taxonomy is the part of science that focuses on naming and classifying or grouping organisms. Carolus Linnaeus is considered the 'Father of Taxonomy' because, in the 1700s, he developed a way to name(binomial nomenclature) and organize species that we still use today.
• Binomial nomenclature is a  system of naming each type of organism, consisting of the two-part scientific name that is unique for each species; the first word identifies the genus of the organism and the second word signifies the species. Linnaeus introduced the binomial system of nomenclature hence considered as the father of binomial nomenclature.
• So, Linnaeus is known as 'Both B and C'.

The word systematics is derived from the Latin word 'systema' which means systematic arrangement of organisms. Linnaeus used Systema Naturae as the title of his publication. The scope of systematics was later enlarged to include identification, nomenclature, and classification. Systematics takes into account evolutionary relationships between Organisms.

Binomial nomenclature was given by Carolus Linnaeus in 1757 in Book Philosophia Botanica. This system provides a name which has two components - the Generic name and the specific epithet.

Linnaeus classified the organisms in two kingdoms namely, Plantae and Animalia on the basis of the difference in the forms and constituents. These differences were based on the mode of nutrition, habitat and physical appearance. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Carlolus Linnaeus is well known for his work in binomial nomenclature. Binomial nomenclature is a naming system for the classification of species. In this, organism is given a scientific name. For example, the scientific name of human is Homo sapiens. In this, Homo is genus which includes early and modern humans and sapiens is species specific for humans

• Both John Ray and Linnaeus proposed Morphospecies concept.
  
• Morphological Species Concept characterizes a species by body shape and other structural features and is applied to asexual and sexual organisms. It differs from the modern concept of species where a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring are said to belonging to same species. 
  
• Darwin proposed the theory of biological evolution.

Taxonomy is defined as the description, identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms. Carolus Linnaeus is known as the father of taxonomy.

Artificial systems of classification were based upon morphological characters {such as habit, habitat, colour, number and shape of leaves, etc.) for grouping of organisms. They were mainly based on vegetative characters or on the androecium structure. These systems separated the closely related species since they were based only on a few characteristics.

Species Plantarum, (1753), two-volume work by the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus, in which he established a precise and workable two-word, or binomial, system for naming plants. This system forms the basis of modern plant taxonomy. In this master work Linnaeus described 6,000 species of plants and assigned each plant a genus name and a species name, the genus representing a group of plants, the species designating specific individuals within a given genus. Species Plantarum was the first work that consistently applied a referable system of nomenclature; it was a vast improvement over the cumbersome polynomial descriptions generally used before its publication. The first edition of Species Plantarum (with the 1754 edition of an earlier work, Genera Plantarum) has been internationally accepted as the starting point in the nomenclature of flowering plants and ferns.

Taxonomic keys are specific to each taxonomic category. A separate key is required for each rank (e.g., family, genus, species) because the diagnostic characters vary significantly between levels.