Botanical Gardens and Herbariums

Royal Botanical Garden is located in Kew, England.

• An arboretum is a botanical garden with trees. 
• Commonly a modern arboretum is a botanical garden containing living collections of woody plants and is intended for scientific study.
• So, the correct answer is 'Botanical garden with trees'

Nation Botanical Institute is located in Lucknow. It is engaged in the field of taxonomy and modern biology. Initially engaged in research work in the classical botanical disciplines, the National Botanical Institute went on laying an increasing emphasis in keeping with the national needs and priorities in the field of plant sciences, on its applied and developmental research activities. 

• Botanical gardens or greenhouses are the place where rare plants can be taken care of outside its natural habitat. Botanical gardens play important role in plant conservation and protection. These are the center for ex situ conservation. 

Botanical garden of the forest research institute was established in 1906 at Dehradun. It is a premier institution in the field of forestry research in India.Here, botanical research is carried out under disciplines Systematic Botany, Plant Physiology and Wood Anatomy.

Originally conceptualized and set up as the National Botanic Gardens (NBG) by Professor Kailas Nath Kaul on behalf of the State Government of Uttar Pradesh, it was taken over by the CSIR in 1953. Dr. Triloki Nath Khoshoo joined in 1964 as the Assistant Director, shortly afterward becoming the Director. Initially engaged in research work in the classical botanical disciplines, the NBG went on laying an increasing emphasis in keeping with the national needs and priorities in the field of plant sciences, on its applied and developmental research activities. Due to the untiring efforts of Dr. Khoshoo, the institute rose to the stature of being the National Botanical Research Institute in 1978, reflecting the correct nature and extent of its aims and objectives, functions and R & D activities. Sikandar Bagh is a famous and historic pleasure garden, located in the grounds of the Institute. The National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) is a research institute of CSIR in Lucknow. It is engaged in the field of taxonomy and modern biology.

ICBN, "International Code of Botanical Nomenclature”, is the collection of rules of scientific nomenclature of plants and was first proposed by Sprague, Hitchcock, Green (1930) but was accepted in 1961. During 12$^{th}$ International congress, Leningrade 1975, ICBN was revised. The revised form was republished in 1978. Thus, ICBN was first revised in 1975. 

The botanical garden is an area where cultivation of a wide variety of plants is done for the purpose of research and education. The rare and endangered plant species can also be conserved in this areas. The plants in the botanical gardens can be cultured for educational as well as research purposes. 

There are various kinds of tourist attractions in Lucknow. They have museums, monuments, tombs and many other attractive sites to visit. But the one that provides most refreshing and enriching experience on Lucknow Tour are the well laid out gardens in Lucknow. However among all the gardens, the Botanical Gardens in Lucknow draw huge attention.

ICBN, "International Code of Botanical Nomenclature”, is the collection of rules of scientific nomenclature of plants and was first proposed by Sprague, Hitchcock, Green (1930) but was accepted in 1961. During 12th International congress, Leningrade 1975, ICBN was revised. The revised form was republished in 1978. Thus, ICBN was proposed in 1930. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

• A botanical garden or botanic garden is a garden dedicated to the collection, cultivation, preservation, and display of a wide range of plants labelled with their botanical names or It is an establishment where plants are grown for scientific study and display to the public.
• There are now estimated to be 1775 botanic gardens in 148 countries around the world with many more under construction.
  
•  Kew Royal Gardens in London, England has the world's largest collection of living plants.
  
• The number of species growing in botanical gardens worldwide is about 80,000.
  
• So,the correct answer is '80,000'.

Botanical gardens are sufficiently large sized tracts where plants belonging to different types and localities are grown for scientific and educational purposes. Botanical gardens mainly serve the purpose of providing ex-situ conservation(conservation of selected rare plants/animals in places outside their natural homes) of endangered plant species.

Botanical gardens help in
(i) Providing plant material for comparative taxonomic studies.
(ii) Functioning as acclimatisation centres for exotic plants of economic importance.
(iii) Growing and maintaining records of local flora.
(iv) Providing seeds and living materials for different research work.
(v) Growing and maintaining and endangered plants.

Herbarium specimens are indeed poisoned to prevent fungal and insect attacks, but mercuric chloride (HgCl2) is typically used, not DDT. The other statements are standard practices for herbarium maintenance.

Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) is the standard chemical used for poisoning herbarium specimens to protect them from insects and fungi.

The correct sequence for herbarium preparation is: Collection, Drying, Poisoning, Mounting, Stitching, Labelling, and Deposition.

Herbarium is a store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed and preserved on sheets. Mosses, Lichens and Conifer cones are preserved in the form of herbarium sheets, in their two-dimensional structure.

The floristic study is the study related to the distribution of plants. A herbarium is a collection of preserved plant specimens. It gives the permanent record of plant specimen. The specimens are stored with a data label. The label describes useful information including the plants' scientific name, the origin of the collection, the date and time of collection and the name of the collector. Herbariums are essential for the study of plant taxonomy, the study of geographic distributions and the stabilizing of nomenclature. Herbaria may also be a repository of viable seeds for rare species.

A herbarium is a collection of preserved plant specimens. It gives the permanent record of plant specimen. These specimens may be whole plants or plant parts. These are in a dried form mounted on a sheet. The specimens are stored with a data label. Herbariums are essential for the study of plant taxonomy, the study of geographic distributions and the stabilizing of nomenclature. Herbaria may also be a repository of viable seeds for rare species and new taxonomy

Lectotype refers to the new specimen selected among the original material collected to serve as holotype when the author didn't designate a holotype. It means the type which is declared later from the original material if the type specimen is not described, missing or damaged.

A herbarium is a collection of dried plant specimens carefully preserved and labelled. Plant collections are essential for taxonomic researchers because they serve as voucher specimens. They also help to identify the family. Once mounted and deposited in the herbarium, the collections are referred to as herbarium specimens. Mounting is the process by which a specimen is attached to an herbarium sheet and a label affixed to the lower right corner. Specimens are mounted on sheets of standard size herbarium paper 42 cm x 29 cm.

Labels are pasted on the herbarium sheets over the right-hand bottom. The label should indicate the information about the locality, altitude, habit, date, and time of collection, the name of collector, common name, complete scientific name etc.

The common fungicide used in preventing growth of fungus on herbarium specimens is mercuric chloride. It is highly toxic compound that volatilizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees Celsius. Mercuric chloride is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant. 

A herbarium sheet is a collection of preserved plant specimens. These specimens may be whole plants or plant parts which are usually in dried form mounted on a sheet of standard size 29 × 41.5 cm. 

The botanical garden is the specialized gardens have the collection of living plants for reference.  Plant species in these gardens are grown for identification purposes and each plant is labeled indicating its botanical/scientific name and its family. Whereas zoological park is for fauna.
So, the correct answer is option B.

The herbarium is a quick referral system in taxonomic studies. It is a collection of preserved plant specimens and associated data used for scientific study. So, the correct answer is (C).

Blotting papers must be changed regularly during the drying process to prevent mold and ensure proper preservation. Therefore, statement (iv) is incorrect.

Linnaeus described all plant species known to him in his book “Species Plantarum, 1753” in which he used the system of binomial nomenclature for first time. This makes option A incorrect as not all the plant species were described in this book. The scientific names of species are treated as in Latin regardless of their origin; this makes option C incorrect. According to principle of Priority, names published on or after May 1753 (the date of publication of The Species Plantarum) are considered valid; option B is incorrect. According to principle of typification, holotype is a specimen or illustration which is designated as representative of a species and is used for identification of new specimen. It is mandatory to mention the holotype during publication of new species on or after 1 January 1958; option D is correct. Thus, the correct answer is option D.