Individual and society - class-IX

Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE) was enacted on 4th August 2009 by the parliament of India. This was inserted in Article 21-A of the constitution. Children in the age group of six to fourteen were given rights to full time elementary education of satisfactory and equitable quality in a formal school. Article 21-A and the RTE Act came into effect on 1st April 2010.   

Adult education is a practice in which adults engage in systematic and sustained self–educating activities in order to gain new forms of knowledge, skills, attitudes, or values. Purposes of adult education may vary, the general purposes of which are summarized as: 

1. Vocational
2. Remove illiteracy
3. Social
4. Recreational
5. Self-development

On 26th October, 1966 UNESCO declared 8th September as International Literacy Day. It was celebrated for the first time in 1967. Its main aim is to promote and highlight the importance of literacy. 

Though India is a democratic country and has achieved political equality still social and economic inequalities exist here. Some people are very rich and some are so poor that they can't afford two times meal for themselves. As some people are very poor as a result they are unable to give education to their children. This increases the number of illiterate people.

Rules are the set of standards that are needed for any kind of activity. Rules are important for the smooth functioning of life, work, and society. Rules bring discipline in our life. It helps us in shaping and giving meaning to our life. Rules help us in getting the right thing done in a right manner.

Rules usually refer to standards for any kind of activities whether it is related to human, government, education, work, etc. Rules are principles, not laws. Disobeying the rules leads to punishments. Rules play a very vital role in everyone's life. It gives meaning to what we are doing.

Rules are the set of standards that are needed or followed for any activity. Rules are equal for everyone. There is no discrimination in punishment for breaking the rules. Every work has its own rule and is done accordingly. 

A set of standard followed by everyone for any work is termed a rule. Everyone work according to certain rules, whether it is a human being, any government agency, society, educational institutions etc. The society also needs to work according to certain rules to bring peace and harmony among people.

Polygamous means people can be married to more than one person at the same time. Polyandrous is a form of polygamy where a women has two or more husbands at the same time. Monogamous means marriage with a singe person at a time. Option C is correct answer, as most modern family practice monogamy.   

Tolerance is the ability to bear something painful or unpleasant. It has a special significance in our country. Tolerance is the foundation of the idea that is India today.

Tolerance is the ability to bear something painful or unpleasant. It is the ability or willingness to tolerate the existence of opinions or behaviour that one dislikes. It is respecting the opinions of others which are different from our own.

Co-operation is the process where a group of people and organisms or an organization works together for common benefits without any competition. Everyone needs co-operation in public life. Without co-operating each other no one will be able to achieve the desired goal of their life. co-operation brings harmony and sense of responsibility towards society.

Honesty brings strength to our character. Being honest means not to cheat, lie, steal or deceive anyone in any way. If we are honest, we do not have to be afraid. Honesty brings integrity. Honesty allows us to be of great service to God and to others.

Honesty brings the principle of leadership and integrity. It makes people strong to fight with their fears. Honesty is the strength of the people. A person who always being honest and true all through the life never faces fears.

Anger is a type of emotion that is controlled by our hormones. Anger is a strong feeling of annoyance, disappointment, displeasure or hostility. we usually feel angry when we think that someone is doing something wrong, unfair, and cruel.

Humans desire are insatiable meaningly never-ending. We would crave for something to achieve or get even if we get more than anything. This is the natural instinct of human being to desire for things he longs for but one should be careful enough to not get greedy as it greed always results in devastation. It makes even the wrong and illegal way to achieve something as normal.

Flaws and talents are the qualities of a person. No one is flawless. A person is considered as a perfect and balanced person if he/she accepts his/her flaws as openly as their talents and other good qualities. Flaws teaches us how we can improve ourselves more to achieve the desired goal of our lives.

Learning can be considered as an activity or skill. Achieving control of one's movements to learn to do something new is called learning a skill. Learning a skill is not limited to any particular area. It is a matter of interest. For example photography, painting, directing etc. For all these things we need skills.

Man is a social animal. He has the ability to think and respond. Unlike robots humans are emotional. They are controlled by the hormones. Emotions play a very vital role in any one's life. Emotions help us to be happier, do better,  reduces stress, and boost well-being.

Non-verbal communication is communication between people through sending and receiving wordless cues. It includes the use of visual cues such as body language, gestures, appearance, facial expressions, eye gaze etc.

A facial expression is a form of non-verbal communication. A facial expression is one or more motions or positions of the muscles beneath the skin of the face. Facial movements convey the emotional state of an individual to observers. Facial expressions are a primary means of conveying social information between humans. The facial expression of certain primary emotion is innate or natural born.

Investment in human capital involves expenditures on education, health, and skill training, as these improve the productivity and quality of the workforce.

Emotions are what people feel. Emotions are caused by a complex mixture of hormones and the unconscious mind. It can be positive or negative. For example anger, sorrow, fear, joy, jealousy, disappointment, surprise, trust etc.

Emotional adjustment is the maintenance of  emotional equilibrium in the face of internal and external stressors. Emotional adjustment involves the following things:

Emotions are what people feel. It can be seen in all mammals. Emotions are caused by a complex mixture of hormones and the unconscious mind. Emotions are either positive or negative. Different types of emotions are anger, joy, fear. sorrow, jealousy, disappointment, surprise etc.

Feeling happy when someone hurts us is contrary to standard human emotional responses and psychological well-being.

When we learn to cope or manage our emotions following things happens:

Hearing praise and appreciation of one's work or talent is undoubtedly motivational but one should pay heed to the critics also. One must hear the flaws or shortcoming to make improvisation. Getting impulsive on hearing critical remarks only make our performance worse.

The two halves of the brain are believed to have different roles in emotional processing. The right hemisphere is dominant in the perception of facial expression, body posture, and prosody. The right hemisphere is important for processing primary emotions such as fear, anger, happiness, sadness etc. Recognition of emotion tends to be most closely associated with the right hemisphere.

Fear is a type of emotions. It is a feeling induced by perceived danger or threat. Fear of human being may occur in response to a specific stimulus occurring in present, or in anticipation or expectation of a future threat. It is one of the most widely and experimentally studied emotions. An irrational fear is called a phobia.

The frontal lobes are considered to be our emotional control center and home to our personality. The right frontal lobe plays a role in non-verbal abilities. Frontal lobe damage seems to have an impact on divergent thinking or flexibility or problem-solving ability. A damage to anterior right frontal lobe leads to an inability to appreciate humour. The individual with damage in this region also reacted less, with diminished physical or emotional response.

A tantrum, temper tantrum, meltdown, or hissy fit is an emotional outburst usually associated with children or those in emotional distress, that is typically characterized by stubbornness, crying, screaming, defiance, angry rating etc. Temper tantrums reach their peak between three and four hours. In some cases, physical control of the brain may get lost due to extreme anger.