Indigo rebellion - class-X

Ryot- Peasant
Mahal- Village
Nij- Cultivation on planters own land
Ryoti- Cultivation on ryots lands

The jhum cultivators broadcast the seeds, that is, scattered the seeds on the field instead of ploughing the land and sowing the seeds. Once the crop was ready and harvested, they moved to another field. 

By the thirteenth century Indian indigo was being used by cloth manufacturers in Italy, France and Britain to dye cloth. However, only small amounts of Indian indigo reached the European market and its price was very high. European cloth manufacturers therefore had to depend on another plant called woad to make violet and blue dyes. Being a plant of the temperate zones, woad was more easily available in Europe. It was grown in northern Italy, southern France and in parts of Germany and Britain. Worried by the competition from indigo, woad producers in Europe pressurised their governments to ban the import of indigo.

The demand for indigo increased in late -eighteenth-century Britain because of the expansion of cotton production as a result of industrialisation, which in turn created an enormous demand for cloth dyes.

Birsa was deeply influenced by many of the ideas he came in touch with in his growing-up years. His movement was aimed at reforming tribal society. He urged the Mundas to give up drinking liquor, clean their village, and stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery.

Jhum cultivation is also called shifting cultivation. This was done on small patches of land, mostly in forests. The cultivators cut the treetops to allow sunlight to reach the ground, and burnt the vegetation on the land to clear it for cultivation. They spread the ash from the firing, which contained potash, to fertilise the soil. They used the axe to cut trees and the hoe to scratch the soil in order to prepare it for cultivation. They broadcast the seeds, that is, scattered the seeds on the field instead of ploughing the land and sowing the seeds. Once the crop was ready and harvested, they moved to another field. A field that had been cultivated once was left fallow for several years, Shifting cultivators were found in the hilly and forested tracts of north-east and central India. 

Hazaribagh, in present-day Jharkhand, was an area where the Santhals reared cocoons. The traders dealing in silk sent in their agents who gave loans to the tribal people and collected the cocoons. The growers were paid Rs 3 to Rs 4 for a thousand cocoons. These were then exported to Burdwan or Gaya where they were sold at five times the price. 

From the late nineteenth century, tea plantations started coming up and mining became an important industry. Tribals were recruited in large numbers to work the tea plantations of Assam and the coal mines of Jharkhand. They were recruited through contractors who paid them miserably low wages and prevented them from returning home.

The British did not want to preserve the tribal way of life.

Birsa also wanted people to once again work on their land, settle down and cultivate their fields. What worried British officials most was the political aim of the Birsa movement, for it wanted to drive out missionaries, moneylenders, Hindu landlords, and the government and set up a Munda Raj with Birsa at its head. The movement identified all these forces as the cause of the misery the Mundas were suffering. The land policies of the British were destroying their traditional land system, Hindu landlords and moneylenders were taking over their land, and missionaries were criticising their traditional culture.

Bengal indigo was very popular all over the world.  Indigo planting became more and more commercially profitable because of the demand for blue dye in Europe which was made from the indigo plant. These dyes were very expensive and only the Roman Emperors and the very wealthy could afford them. In 1810, 95% of indigo imported in Britain was from India.

Coorg is a hill station in the Karnataka State of India. It is very famous for its tea and coffee plantations in India. Along with that, it is also known for its exotic greenery and natural beauty.

Jhum cultivation is the practice of clearing vegetative/forest cover on land/slopes of hills, drying and burning it before onset of monsoon and cropping on it thereafter. It is a primitive practice of cultivation in States of North Eastern Hill Region of India. Land is often cleared by slash-and-burn methods. The ashes add potash to the soil.

From the late nineteenth century, tea plantations started coming up and mining became an important industry. Tribals were recruited in large numbers to work the tea plantations of Assam and the coal mines of Jharkhand. They were recruited through contractors who paid them miserably low wages and prevented them from returning home. Hence, Option A is correct.

In the early 1820s, the British East India Company began large-scale production of tea in Assam, India, of a tea variety traditionally brewed by the Singpho people. In 1826, the British East India Company took over the region from the Ahom kings through the Yandaboo Treaty. In 1837, the first English tea garden was established at Chabua in Upper Assam; in 1840, the Assam Tea Company began the commercial production of tea in the region, run by indentured servitude of the local inhabitants^. Beginning in the 1850s, the tea industry rapidly expanded, consuming vast tracts of land for tea plantations. By the turn of the century, Assam became the leading tea producing region in the world.

Zamindari System was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement Act. It was introduced in provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi. Also known as Permanent Settlement System. Zamindars were recognized as owner of the lands. Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants.

Zamindari Association, The reckoned to be the first political association of modern India. Formally launched in Calcutta in March 1838, it was renamed the Landholders' Society shortly afterwards. Landed magnates like Raja radhakant dev, dwarkanath tagore, Prasanna Kumar Tagore, Rajkamal Sen and Bhabani Charan Mitra were its leading members. The promotion of landholders' interests through petitions to government and discreet persuasion of the bureaucracy was its professed object. Among its aims were securing a halt to the resumption of rent-free tenures and an extension of the permanent settlement of land all over India, including the grant of lease of waste land to their occupants. The demand for reform of the judiciary, the police and the revenue departments was also on its agenda.

The Onge are one of the Andamanese indigenous peoples of the Andaman Islands. Traditionally hunter-gatherers, they are a designated Scheduled Tribe of India.

The Kisan Sabha movement started in Bihar under the leadership of Sahajanand Saraswati who had formed in 1929 the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS) in order to mobilise peasant grievances against the zamindari attacks on their occupancy rights, and thus sparking the farmers' movements in India.

Dhya, Kumri, and Podu are all recognized local names for shifting cultivation in different parts of India. Bora Bora is a geographic location and not a term for this agricultural practice.

Khonds are an ethnic indigenous tribal people of India. They are a designated Scheduled Tribe in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and West Bengal. Traditionally hunter-gatherers, they are divided into the hill-dwelling Khonds and plain-dwelling Khonds for census purposes; all the Khonds identify by their clan and usually hold large tracts of fertile land but still practise hunting, gathering and slash and burn agriculture in the forests as a symbol of their connection to and ownership of the forest. The Khonds speak the Kui language.

Khonds are an ethnic indigenous tribal people of India. They are a designated Scheduled Tribe in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and West Bengal.

The Khonds came to the limelight during the British Raj for their Rebellion against the British intrusion into their territories for timber in 1836. The British sought to project their invasion of tribal territories as a civilizing mission to prevent for the practice of human sacrifice by the Kondhs.

Munda tribes are the largest tribe of India. The main language spoken by them includes "Munda" or "Killi", Santali and Mundari. 

The Munda Tribe, residing in the Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand, adjacent parts of Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal and the hill districts of Odisha, is thought to have evolved from the South East Asia. Munda tribes are one of the largest Tribes of India, but have been divided into several sub groups such as Patar, Mahali, Kampat Munda, etc.

The Munda tribe is one of India's largest scheduled tribes, which lives mainly in the state of Jharkhand. The famous Freedom fighter Birsa Minda belongs to this tribe.

Birsa Munda was an Indian tribal freedom fighter and relegious leader who was born on November 15, 1875 in Jharkhand, India, to Sugana Munda, an agricultural laborer, and his wife, Karmi Hatu.Therefore the given statement is True.

Henry Thomas Colebrooke was a Sanskrit scholar and orientalist. He described the pathetic conditions of the under-tenants of Bengal in 1806. According to him, the under-tenants were depressed by excessive rent, and they can never free themselves from debt because of their landlord's oppressive terms and conditions.

Both the statements are true but statement II is not correct explanation for the first.

• In 1871, the colonial government in India passed the Criminal Tribes Act. According to this act, some of the tribes were considered as criminal tribes by birth and were restricted to notified village settlements.
  
• British wanted to increase the production of food-grains and commercial crops to meet the requirement of England. So they introduced waste land rules and converted grazing land to cultivated land.
  

Khonds are a Dravidian-speaking tribal people of India. The language spoken by them is Kui language which is a Dravidian language written with Odia script. They are a designated Scheduled Tribe in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and West Bengal

Baigas forest community of central India sent a petition against stopping of shifting cultivation in 1892 because the communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests.

In shifting agriculture, after two or three years of producing vegetable and grain crops on cleared land, the migrants abandon it for another plot. Trees, bushes and forests are cleared by slashing, and the remaining vegetation is burnt. The ashes add potash to the soil. Then the seeds are sown after the rains.

The Khonds are divided into clans like Hansa, Beck, Hembram, Bedia, etc. The Khond tribe originates from Odisha and is usually found in Bihar. They are mainly hunters who do collective hunting.