Scope and significance of political science - class-X

In the context of global economic dependency, many developing countries rely on developed nations for food imports, technology, and financial aid.

For the successful functioning of democracy we need vigilant public. Alertness of the people is essential condition without which the true idea of democracy cannot be realized. Indolence and indifference on the part of the citizens are the two enemies of democracy. Constant vigilance is the price of liberty. In the absence of proper vigilance, democracy is liable to be perverted.

Long struggles by women for equality have increased societal awareness and sensitivity toward gender issues, leading to changes in laws and social norms.

A harmonious social life is characterized by cooperation, mutual respect, and the peaceful resolution of conflicts among members of society.

National integration means creating a mental outlook which will promote and inspire every person to place loyalty to the country above group loyalties and the welfare of the country above narrow sectarian interest that is what secularism does.

The permanent executive, consisting of civil servants, operates under the direction and policy framework established by the political executive, which consists of elected representatives. This structure ensures that administrative functions are guided by democratic mandates.

While individual freedom and dignity are ideals that societies and laws strive to protect, they are universally recognized as fundamental principles in democratic theory and human rights frameworks. The practical application in laws or organizations varies significantly across the globe.

FEDECOR was a coalition formed in Cochabamba, Bolivia, to protest the privatization of water. The name stands for 'Federacion Departamental Cochabambina de Organizaciones de Regantes', representing the general interests of the local population against corporate control.

Dictionary meaning of Caucus is a closed meeting of a group of persons belonging to the same political party or faction usually to select candidates or to decide on policy. Caucas or committee type party is a group of legislators that share common interest and concern. They have small membership as compared to political parties as a whole.

The term Bureaucratia was first coined in the mid 18 century by the French economist Jacques Claude Marie Vincent De Gournay. By the mid 19 century, this word was used at a large scale to refer a system of administration that was run by the unelected officials.

The term democracy is made up of two Greek words " Demos" and "Kratia". Here "Demos"  means "people" and "Kratia" means "People". Thus this word refers to the rule of the people. This term was at first used by the city-states of Athens. 

The New Despotism is a book written by the Lord Hewart, Chief Justice of England in 1929. He described the quasi-judicial bodies i.e., civil Servants and subordination of Parliament as a result of delegated legislation as new despotism. According to him, this led to the evasion of courts and uncontrolled exercise of power by executives.

Lord Bryce described the American political party system as "Two Empty Bottle". Each bearing the label denoting the kind of liquor it contains. He said this because there are no fundamental differences of policies between both the Democratic and Republican party.

According to Max Weber," Bureaucracy is a system of administration that is marked by the appointed officials. Bureaucracy is a large group of people who are involved in running an organization but these people are appointed not elected.

Social groups are defined by various factors like caste, religion, or region. Individuals often belong to multiple social groups, and their identities overlap, creating similarities and differences that cut across group boundaries.

Rober Alan Dahl was a Political theorist and Sterling Professor of Political Science at Yale University. He established the pluralist theory of democracy—in which political outcomes are enacted through competitive, if unequal, interest groups—and introduced "polyarchy"  as a descriptor of actual democratic governance. An originator of "empirical theory" and known for advancing behavioralist characterizations of political power, Dahl's research focused on the nature of decisionmaking in actual institutions, such as American cities. Dahl is considered one of the most influential political social scientists of the twentieth century, and has been described as "the dean of American political scientists."

The Greek Philosophers like Aristotle, Plato, and their disciples study the right and wrong or Good and Bad in politics. They were of the view that values cannot be separated from the study of Politics. They believe that it will help political philosophers to set up good political order.

The word "Politics" has been drawn from the Greek word "Polis" which means affairs of city-states. In Greece to refer city-states the word, "Polis" was used.

Thomas Hill Green  was an English philosopher, political radical and temperance  reformer, and a member of the British idealism  movement. Like all the British idealists, Green was influenced by the metaphysical historicism of G. W. F. Hegel . He was one of the thinkers behind the philosophy of social liberalism.

Officially, participatory democracy is direct democracy, in the sense that all citizens are actively involved in all important decisions. The definition commonly refers to movements, such as the Civil Rights Movement or the Women’s Suffrage Movement,  that gather a group of people who democratically make decisions about the direction of the group.

In 1893, the self-governing colony New Zealand became the first country in the world (except for the short-lived 18th century the Corsican Republic) to grant truly universal active suffrage by giving women the right to vote.

Invasion of Foreign country undermines the Sovereignty of the invaded Nation. Invader Country makes the host country its colony and establishes anarchy to suppress the people's voice against them. They Crush the democratic structure to control the Nation. A dictatorship is a suitable form of governance adopted by invader countries E.g., British Raj in India.

According to Article 82 of the Indian Constitution, readjustment of constituencies occurs after each census. However, such readjustment does not affect the existing House (Lok Sabha) until its dissolution.

While political parties aim to gain power, their fundamental role in a democracy is to aggregate interests and formulate public opinion to influence policy and governance.

The Bofors scandal, LTTE, and other issues worked against the Congress in the 1990 Lok Sabha elections. There was a hung house for the first time in this election with no party getting a majority. The Congress won 197, The Janata Dal 143 and the BJP 85 out of 529 seats. No party could procure more than 50% of Lok Sabha seats to form the government at the Center.

Shashi Kant Sharma was appointed as the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India in 2013, succeeding Vinod Rai.

Asom Gana Parishad or AGP was formed at the end of a six-year-long Assam agitation against the illegal infiltration of foreigners from Bangladesh into Assam. This protest was led by All Assam Students Union. AASU started a peaceful democratic movement demanding detection of all illegal migrants in the State in 1979 and the movement continued for years. In 1985, AGP was formed after the historic Assam Accord.

Article 112 of the Indian Constitution refers to the 'Annual Financial Statement' as the document commonly known as the Budget.

Aristotle’s belief is right because modern state is a welfare state. The welfare state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the social and economic well-being of its citizens. It is founded on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life.