Classification of living beings - class-XI

In 1860s, the German investigator Ernst Haeckel proposed a three-kingdom system of classification. Haeckel's three kingdoms were Animalia, Plantae, and Protista. 

In Vedic times, the ;living organisms were divided into the following:

In the year 1866, Ernst Haeckel proposed the three kingdom classification. The three kingdoms are protista, plantae and animalia. The unicellular prokaryotic organisms were placed in the group of monera. This group includes the organisms which have chloroplast and resemble plants as well as the organisms which resemble animals. The group of protists are divided into two groups as plant-like protists and animal-like protists. 

Taxonomy (taxis-arrangement, nomos-law) is defined as the science dealing with identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms. The term taxonomy was given by de Candolle $(1813)$.

Sea anemone is not parasitic It shows mutualism with hermit crab. Tapeworm is an endoparasite while leech and mosquito are exoparasites.

Water makes the major part of an organism's life next to temperature. It s an important factor which influences the life of organisms. The productivity and distribution of land plants are dependent upon availability of water. Water is required for growth and development of plants. 

Euryhaline organisms are able to tolerate a wide range of salt concentration (or salinaties). E.g. Poecillia sphenops is a fishasdu that can live fresh water, brackish water or salt water. 

Amensalism involves harm of one organism and unaffected another organism in a two organism relationship.

Ectocarpus is a brown alga that exhibits a heterotrichous habit, meaning its thallus is differentiated into a prostrate system and an erect system.

Progenotes are hypothetical primitive cellular forms thought to have existed early in evolution. They would have contained DNA as their primary genetic material.

Jaundice is a yellow discolouration of the skin, of whites of the eyes, indicating excess bilirubin (a bile pigment) in the blood. It is due to disease of the liver cells, such as hepatitis, when the liver is unable to utilize the bilirubin, which accumulates in the blood.

Living organism are classified on the basis of : Type of cell whether uni or  multi cellular, the way they reproduce, their genetic code, their growth and development, how do they metabolise, how do they respond to a stimulus, maintaining homeostasis and how do they evolve.

• Moist vapour theory was proposed by a Greek philosopher Pythagoras.
• According to this theory a certain moist vapour is transmitted from the male towards the female during the fertilization and it develops into an embryo.
• From where the later new organism is developed.
• Hence the correct option is B.

The humus theory, which posits that plants derive their nourishment directly from soil organic matter (humus), was a widely held belief in early plant physiology, notably supported by Aristotle.

• Proteins and nucleic acids are the two most basic compounds for the sustenance of life. 
• Proteins provided a limiting membrane and boundary to primitive entities and nucleic acids were important information molecules, which were required to build self-replicating entities. Option B is correct

The first organisms are widely believed to have been chemoheterotrophs, which obtained energy and carbon from organic molecules present in the primordial soup.

Classification helps orderly and hierarchical grouping of organisms into different taxa based on their similarities and differences and therefore helps in identification of species 

Systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms and their relationships through time, which includes taxonomy but is broader. Taxonomy is the specific study of identification, naming, and classification.

The living organisms were classified into two kingdoms, plants and animals. The organisms which can perform photosynthesis and can prepare their own food were placed in kingdom Plantae. The organisms which are heterotrophic and can perform locomotion were placed in kingdom Animalia. 

In the two-kingdom classification given by Linnaeus, all organisms were classified into plants and animals. This system, however, did not distinguish between eukaryotes and prokaryotes/unicellular and multicellular organisms/ photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic organisms in which a large number of organisms did not fit. Lichens and fungi were classified under Plantae and euglena under Animalia.

Mutualism refers to ecological association between two organisms of different species which mutually get benefitted by their association. In commensalism, one organism gets benefitted and the other is neither benefitted nor harmed. In amensalism, one organism is destroyed and the other remains unaffected. In parasitism, one organism (parasite) lives inside other organism (host) and harms its host.

Correct answer is B.

Dalbergia sissoo or Rosewood tree is the native of the Indian subcontinent and southern Iran. It is an evergreen rosewood tree, also known as Sheesham, sisu, tahli, Tali. It is primarily found growing along river banks below 900 meters. The temperature in its native range averages 10–40 °C. It can withstand average annual rainfall up to 2,000 millimeters (79 in) and droughts of 3–4 months. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

According to the old classification which was given by linnaeus (1707 - 1778), The entire world of living organises nearly divided into two kingdoms. Kingdom plantae (including all plants) and kingdom animalia (including all animals).

Selaginella bryopteris is commonly known as sanjeevini or sanjivini booti. It is a lithophytic plant. It is used medicinally in India. The popular name sanjeevani, which translates as "one that infuses life" derives from the medicinal properties. 

Two kingdom classification have only two kingdoms Plantae and animalia. Which was not able to explain viruses, fungi and lichens etc. 

According to the two kingdom classification which was given by Linnaeus the entire world of living organisms was divided into plantae and animalia i.e. plants and animals.

Traditionally, all the organisms of the world used to be divided into two kingdoms, i.e, Plant kingdom and animal kingdom. This system was given by Linnaeus in the book Systema Naturae. As per this system of classification, photosynthetic organisms are included into the plant kingdom and non- photosynthetic in animal kingdom.

Lycopersicon is a genus in the flowering plant family Solanaceae. The tomato is the edible, often red fruit/berry.
The onion (Allium cepa), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is used as a vegetable and is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium.
The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade, Solanum tuberosum. The word "potato" may refer either to the plant itself or, more commonly, the edible tuber.
Saccharum officinarum is sugarcane. It is a large, strong-growing species of grass in the genus Saccharum. It originated in southeast Asia and is now cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries worldwide for the production of sugar and other products.

Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, one of the greatest intellectual figures of Western history. He was the author of a philosophical and scientific system that became the framework and vehicle for both Christian Scholasticism and medieval Islamic philosophy. Even after the intellectual revolutions of the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Enlightenment, Aristotelian concepts remained embedded in Western thinking.Aristotle’s intellectual range was vast, covering most of the sciences and many of the arts, including biology, botany, chemistry, ethics, history, logic, zoology, etc. He was the founder of formal logic, devising for it a finished system that for centuries was regarded as the sum of the discipline; and he pioneered the study of zoology, both observational and theoretical, in which some of his work remained unsurpassed until the 19th century. But he is, of course, most outstanding as a philosopher. His writings in ethics and political theory as well as in metaphysics and the philosophy of science continue to be studied, and his work remains a powerful current in contemporary philosophical debate. Aristotle was born on the Chalcidice peninsula of Macedonia, in northern Greece. After his father’s death in 367, Aristotle migrated to Athens, where he joined the Academy of Plato (c. 428–c. 348 BCE). He remained there for 20 years as Plato’s pupil and colleague.