Sociology - class-X

Mob is a large crowd or mass of people gathered to cause disorder and violence  and resort to all unlawful means to threat peace in order to fulfill their demand or to accomplish their motive. Communal violence, Racial Violence and caste violence  instigate hatred and disturbance at widespread level. People participate in mass to show their vigour and power and to commit atrocities against another caste, group, religion to prove their superiority. These are example of mob violence wherein massive amount of people indulge in riots or violent acts and disturb public peace and security.

Communal violence, Racial Violence and caste violence  instigate hatred and disturbance at widespread level. People participate in mass to show their vigour and power and to commit atrocities against another caste, group, religion to prove their superiority. These are example of mob violence wherein massive amount of people indulge in riots or violent acts and disturb public peace and security.

Social movements are instrument of Social Change. Social movement is collective action of people either to promote or resist a change in society or group of which it is a part. Social movement is not sudden outbreak but an organised collective action followed by ideology behind the action. 

Alcohol prohibition has been the part of freedom movement. When India Gained independence in 1947 it was included in the Constitution of India as the objective. The Chikpko movement success in state of Uttarakhand motivated villagers in kannada district and they launched the similar movement to save the forests. Appiko movement as it was called in which people hugged trees to protect them from being cut for the purpose of Industrialisation and setting up of factories. Alcohol prohibition was also the agenda of Chipko movement. Coastal Karnataka movement to save and protect over exploitation of coastal region and desertion of land includes opposition of Mangalore refinery and petrochemicals limited.

Farmers movement means movement by peasants which is characterised by agrarian unrest. It is triggered by agricultural reforms and change in policies. Farmer's movement began denying land tax. Later it was extended against caste discrimination, tenancy system and bonded labour.

Women's movement demands equality of rights and position. Since most of the societies are patriarchal and have always been patrilineal where women were deprived of authorities, rights and to take decision for themselves. Such movements aim to root out patriarchal values that discriminate between male and female having been on equal footings. It is due to global women rights movement that women are now given due representation in politics, they have property rights, ancestral rights and several other social and civil rights that from which they were earlier kept deprived.

Alcohol prohibition movement are predominantly women led as it is believed by female community that the prohibition of alcohol would solve many social evils which affects family. Man under influence of intoxication and due to addiction commits cruelty on wife and children, stay away from earning opportunities and develop habits which are antisocial and unlawful.

Honour killings are acts of violence like murder committed by male members of a family upon female members who have allegedly brought dishonour on the family. The dishonour could be brought by refusing to arrange marriage, demanding a divorce, committing adultery etc. It is an ancient disgraceful act where a male member of the family had the right to kill an unmarried but sexually active female member. He is considered honoured in doing so.

A nuclear family is defined as a basic social unit consisting of two parents and their children living together.

A family of Father Mother and children is called the second generation. It is called a nuclear family where the parents and children of the same generation reside.

A child learns his mother tongue in the family. It is his family where his first-ever social Interaction begins. He learns the values, language, and modes of his members of the family.

A joint family consists of multiple generations living together, including grandparents, parents, children, and often extended relatives, sharing a common kitchen and property.

In a matriarchal family system, power, property rights, and lineage are traced through the female line, meaning the woman holds the authority and ownership.

Children are the most important units in the family which continues family tradition and legacy. Nurturing, education and protection of children is the prime and major responsibility of adult Family members. They get inheritance rights and parents are usually responsible for healthy bringing up of their children.

In Patriarchal Family, the decision making authority and power lies in the hands of man irrespective of whether it is nuclear family, joint family or the Extended family. Usually the eldest male is head of the family.

An extended family includes members beyond the nuclear core, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins, living together or maintaining close ties.

Children are the most important units in the family which continue family tradition and legacy. Nurturing, education and protection of children is the prime and major responsibility of adult Family members. They get inheritance rights and parents are usually responsible for healthy bringing up of their children. Schooling and educating a child is the main concern of every family to make their progeny literate so as they can grow up sensible and more responsible adult.

The agricultural society is a rural society where human beings left nomadic life and settled in a place engaging in agriculture. This society is a village-based society. Producing food through agriculture activities is the basic occupation of people here. These are less dense in population and developed in the means of infrastructure.

An information society is one where the creation, distribution, and manipulation of information is a significant economic and cultural activity, facilitating education, commerce, and business.

The information society is characterized by the reliance on information and communication technologies to manage societal challenges and daily tasks.

A pastoral society is one that relies primarily on the domestication and herding of animals for food and other resources.

Movement of people from one place to another in search of food and grassland is called Nomadic life. The people are called nomads. They do not settle at one place for a long time and wandered in search of food and temporary residence.

Urban societies are often described as ideal or modern societies in sociological discourse due to their complexity, infrastructure, and access to services.

Hunting and gathering is considered the earliest or first stage of human societal evolution. It predates pastoral, horticultural, and agricultural societies.

Hunting and gathering societies were typically small, nomadic groups consisting of extended families or bands to ensure mobility and resource availability.

In hunting and gathering societies, social roles and status were primarily divided by age (elders vs. youth) and sex (men vs. women), making both factors significant.

Indian society is historically and sociologically characterized as patriarchal, where authority and lineage are traditionally traced through the male line.

Sectional interest groups are organizations that seek to promote the interests of a specific section of society, such as trade unions or business associations.

Sri Lanka, India, and Belgium are classic examples of diverse societies with multiple ethnic, linguistic, or religious communities that often require power-sharing arrangements.

A homogenous society is one where the population shares a common culture, language, or ethnic background, resulting in minimal internal diversity.