Medicinal use of microorganisms - class-VIII

S. cerevisiae is used in the formation of dough while S.venezuelae is used in obtaining chloramphenicol drug. Oxytetracycline is obtained from S.rimosus. 

Penicillin is a secondary metabolite of certain species of Penicillium and is produced when the growth of the fungus is inhibited by stress.

Antibiotics are compounds which are used to treat bacterial infection. They work by blocking the biochemical pathway of pathogens. They inhibit the synthesis of enzymes required for cell wall biosynthesis, nucleic acid metabolism or protein synthesis. They also act by disrupting the cell membrane of pathogens.

• Bacteria (except in spore stage) must be continuously metabolically active most of the time and thus can be cured at any time. Viruses are metabolically inert until they got a host cell and thus they are not susceptible to the actions of antivirals until then. An exception would be drugs that block viral adhesion to host cells, thus preventing their entry.
  
• The virus often hijacks host genes, thus their protein can be closely related to host proteins. So it is difficult to distinguish between host and virus proteins.
• The virus does not have a cell wall as bacteria. Antibiotics stop the making of a cell wall in bacteria. Thus they remain unaffected by antibiotics.

Antibiotics should not be used for minor troubles like cold because some pathogenic bacteria could develop resistance to the action of this antibiotic. And on the excessive use of antibiotic, they can cause damage to the beneficiary intestinal micro-organisms. So, the correct answer is option B.

Antibiotics are the chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and are used to treat bacterial infections. They either prevent the bacterial cells from multiplying.

Penicillin is the first antibiotic extracted from fungi, whereas streptomycin is the first antibiotic extracted from bacteria Streptomyces griseus. 

The antibiotics are the chemical compounds which is produced by one organism which inhibit the growth of the other organism. The antibiotics can be used for the control of the growth of the bacteria or organisms causing infections. The microorganisms like the bacterial and fungal species are used for the production of the antibiotics which can be used for the control of other microorganisms.

Penicillin antibiotic is derived from the fungi Penicillium whereas the other compounds are derived from plant parts like morphine from opium latex, aspirin from salicylate-rich plants, vinblastine from Vinca rosea and coumadin is another name for warfarin.

• Streptomycin is an antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections like tuberculosis, endocarditis, brucellosis, plague, rat bite fever, etc. It is a broad spectrum antibiotic.
• Cephalosporin is a beta-lactam antibiotic. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections like respiratory tract infections, skin infections, urinary tract infections.
• Griseofulvin is an antifungal antibiotic. It is used in the treatment of skin infections like ringworm, athlete's foot, infections of the scalp, fingernails, etc.
  

Antibiotic is a chemical which is released by a bacteria and inhibits the growth of other bacteria. It acts by either killing bacteria or preventing their reproduction. 

Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances produced by microorganisms. They are used in the treatment of bacterial infections. Examples of antibiotics include Neomycin, terramycin, Streptmomycin. Polyenes are antifungal antibiotics produced by bacterium Streptomyces species which are used to treat fungal infections. They act by changing the fungal cell membrane by complexing with sterols.

Penicillin is a secondary metabolite of certain species of Penicillium and is produced when the growth of the fungus is inhibited by stress. It is not produced during active growth. Production is also limited by feedback in the synthesis pathway of penicillin.

Broad spectrum antibiotics are effective against a wide range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, rather than being limited to a single type or specific pathogen.

Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the ATP-binding site of the DNA gyrase subunit B, effectively inhibiting DNA replication and supercoiling.

Penicillin is obtained from Penicillium chrysogenum. Penicillin is a secondary metabolite of certain species of Penicillium and is produced when the growth of the fungus is inhibited by stress. Its structure contains β- lactam ring with a molecular structure of 339.4 g/mol. It was discovered by Alexander Fleming.

Penicillin is a secondary metabolite of certain species of Penicillium and is produced when the growth of the fungus is inhibited by stress. It is not produced during active growth. Production is also limited by feedback in the synthesis pathway of penicillin. It was discovered by Alexander Fleming.

An antibody is commonly known as an immunoglobulin (Ig). It is a large, Y-shape protein molecule produced by plasma cells in response to the antigen.

• The botanical name of ginseng is Panax ginseng. It is from family Araliaceae.  is obtained from the roots of the plant and used to cure a variety of diseases.
• It is used for improving thinking, memory, physical stamina and athletic endurance. 
• Some people use it to help them cope with mental and physical stress and as a general tonic for improving well-being. 
• It is also used for depression, anxiety, for boosting the immune system and for fighting particular infections in a lung disease called as cystic fibrosis. 
• So, the correct answer is option C.

Penicillin is a secondary metabolite of certain species of Penicillium and is produced when the growth of the fungus is inhibited by stress. It was used during World War II. It is not produced during active growth. Production is also limited by feedback in the synthesis pathway of penicillin.

Streptomycin is an antibiotic, a medicine used to inhibit the growth of microbes. Streptomycin is a broad spectrum antibiotic which works against both gram negative and gram-positive bacteria.

Penicillin is the classic example of a beta-lactam antibiotic that inhibits the synthesis of the bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall.

Antibiotics are the medicine that inhibits the growth of disease-causing microbes inside the body. There are two kinds of Antibiotics broad and narrow spectrum antibiotics. Broad spectrum antibiotics can be used for both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Latest of them are 4-Quinolones.

Usually, antibiotics do not work against colds, flu, bronchitis, or sinus infections because these are viruses. Antibiotics are needed to treat infections and illnesses that are caused by bacteria. Taking an antibiotic unnecessarily has led to the growth of several strains of common bacteria that are now antibiotic resistant. For these and other reasons, it is important to only use antibiotics in situations where they are needed.

Streptomycin, discovered by Selman Waksman, was the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis and is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.