Energy from different food components - class-VII

Sugars, when broken down, produces toxic amino groups. During Cellular Respiration, sugar is broken down to CO$ _2$and H$ _2$O, and in the process, ATP is made that can then be used for cellular work. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuels in cellular respiration, but glucose is most. In glycolysis, the 6-carbon sugar, glucose, is broken down into two molecules.

Considering all the four options we find that Enzymes, Antibodies and Muscle tissue all are made up of amino acids as their basic structural component only the glycogen stored in the liver is made up of monosaccharides as it's structural component. So, protein intake in the person will affect the formation of enzymes, antibodies and muscle tissue but will not affect the Glycogen stores in the Liver.

Cereals like wheat, rice, maize etc., are good source of carbohydrates. They contain starch as reserve food in their endosperm. The starch is a polymer of glucose.

Proteins are the major body building biomolecules. Proteins serve a variety of structural and functional roles. Meat, milk and eggs are an important source of proteins. Soybean and other pulses are an important source of plant proteins.

Carbohydrates are a source of energy and primary cellular fuel. Cereals like rice, wheat, maize are a primary source of carbohydrate for man. Humans can digest starch present in cereals but not cellulose. Hence, dietary starch is broken down into glucose inside the body which provides us with energy.

Rice and Wheat are cereals belonging to Family Poaceae. They are rich in carbohydrates. Gram and Soybean are legumes of Family Leguminosae. Legumes are rich in proteins. Soyabean is also an important oilseed crop. Among legumes Soyabean are richest source of proteins. Together, soyabean oil and protein content account for about 60% of dry soyabeans by weight (protein at 40% and oil at 20%).

Cajanus cajan is a puise seed crop and belongs to family Leguminosae. Its english name is pigeon pea and is commonly called Arhar or Toor in hindi. Being a pulse seed crop it is rich in proteins.

The percentage of lactose in milk varies with species. Human milk has a high lactose content, the percentage of lactose in human milk ranges from 6.5 to 7.5%. Unprocessed cow milk has about 4.7% lactose, unprocessed goat milk has about 4.7% lactose, unprocessed buffalo milk has about 4.86% lactose. The average in cow and goat milk is less than 5% and vary according to the breed. When human babies are reared on cow or goat milk, it is customary to add lactose, sucrose, glucose, or malto-dextrin in their feed.

Meat, eggs and pulses are good sources of proteins. Proteins are body building substances and are an important part of a balanced diet. For vegetarian people pulses can be a good source of proteins. Our country produces a variety of 'dals' and these can be consumed as protein sources.

Carbohydrates provide us energy and are the primary cellular fuel. Carbohydrates can be simple sugars or polymers like cellulose and starch. Cereal grains like rice, wheat, maize etc. are rich in carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates provide us with energy. Carbohydrates can be monosaccharides (composed of one monomer unit only like glucose, fructose etc.), disaccharide (composed of two monomer units like maltose which is made up of two units of glucose; sucrose made up of one unit of glucose and one unit of fructose) or polysaccharide (made up of multiple monomer units example starch which is composed of multiple units of glucose).

Carbohydrates can be stored in body for subsequent use. Starch is an important storage polysaccharide in plants and glycogen is an important storage polysaccharide in animals. Both starch and glycogen are homopolymers of glucose.

The food guide pyramid is a pyramid-shaped guide of healthy foods divided into sections. Each section shows the recommended intake for each food group (i.e. Protein, Fat, Carbohydrates, and Sugars). Therefore, (b) is the correct answer.

Fish flour is a source of amino acids and vitamin with very high protein content, made of fresh sea fish or unprocessed fish wastes. Due to its rich nutritional content, it is the most important material in the rations of barn animals, poultry and fish and is commonly used in the feed industry.

During fasting, the body first utilizes glycogen (carbohydrates) for energy, followed by stored fats (lipids), and finally breaks down proteins (muscle tissue) as a last resort.

The most commonly used artificial sweetener is aspartame. It was discovered by James M. Schlatter in 1965. It is used for deserts. It is used as a sugar substitute. It is not suitable for baking, as high temperatures it breaks it into its constituent amino acid. So, the correct answer is option C.

The caloric value of carbohydrates is approximately 4 kcal per gram, while fats provide about 9 kcal per gram and proteins provide about 4 kcal per gram.

Palm oil is derived from the mesocarp of the fruit named Elaeis guineensis which is an African oil palm.

The botanical name of Olive is "Olea europaea" meaning "European olive". It is a small tree belonging to the family Oleaceae.

Sunflower/Helianthus annus is the ornamental plant that is cultivated commercially for the extraction of sunflower oil. The oil is extracted from its cypsela fruits.

A non-drying oil is the one which does not harden when exposed to air whereas drying oil hardens through polymerization.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) oil is the only oil that has low calories and low cholesterol and so it is best for heart patients.

Sesamum indicum (i.e sesame) is a herbaceous annual plant of the Pedaliaceae family.

Palm oil is derived from the mesocarp of the fruit named Elaeis guineensis which is an African oil palm.

Castor oil is obtained from the seeds of the "Ricinus communis" plant. 

Digestion tanks (anaerobic digesters) produce biogas, which is primarily methane. Methane has a high energy density, giving the gas a high calorific value.

Just like any food or drink, alcoholic drinks contain energy or calories. There are 7 calories per gram of alcohol (29kJ). A 'standard' alcoholic drink or 'unit' contains 8 grams of alcohol, which is equal to 56 calories from the alcohol alone. 

Molecules called lipoproteins to carry cholesterol in the blood. Two important kinds of lipoproteins are low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). LDL cholesterol is often referred to as "bad cholesterol" because too much is unhealthy. HDL is often referred to as “good cholesterol” because it is protective.