Plant and animal cell - class-XII

The animal cells are the eukaryotic cells which are composed of well-developed cell organelles. The animal cell can be differentiated from the plant cell due to the absence of certain structures in the cell. The cell wall is absent in the animal's cells and they have only the cell membrane. The vacuole is present in the plant cell for storage and absent in the animal cells. 

The main difference between an animal cell and a plant cell is that plant cells have a cell wall and animal cell lacks the cell wall. The cell wall which is made up of cellulose gives the plant cell rigidity resulting in a fixed, rectangular shape. Animal cells lack the rigidity hence, they tend to have a round and irregular shape. Animal cells tend to vary greatly in appearance. The cell wall allows high pressure to build inside of the plant cell without bursting. Due to this, the plant cell is able to accept large amounts of liquid through osmosis without bursting. Animal cells, which only have a thin membrane restricting access to the cell, tend to burst if they absorb too much extra water.

The cell wall is absent in an animal cell. The plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of animal cells from the outside environment. The basic function of the plasma membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. The cell membrane is also known as plasma membrane.

The plants and the animal cells are the eukaryotic cells which are composed of well-developed cell organelles. The animal cell can be differentiated from the plant cell due to the absence of certain structures in the cell. The cell wall is absent in the animal's cells and they have only the cell membrane. 

The animal cells lack the cellular organelle chloroplast. The chloroplast or the chlorophyll pigments are required for carrying out photosynthesis by capturing solar energy. The animal cells devoid of this organelle cannot perform photosynthesis.

Plants, algae, fungi, bacteria and some archaea have cell walls but animals and protozoa do not have cell walls. Animal cells have plasma membrane.

Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in plant cells and algae that perform photosynthesis. They are absent in animal cells.

Thylakoids and thylakoid spaces are exclusive internal compartments found inside chloroplasts, not mitochondria. Mitochondria have cristae and an intermembrane space, making statement C factually incorrect and thus the correct answer to a 'wrong statement' question.

The reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-) is catalyzed by the enzyme nitrate reductase, which is located in the cytosol of plant cells.

A plant cell shows no volume change in 0.7 M sugar solution because it is isotonic. When placed in 0.7 M NaCl solution, which dissociates into ions, the effective concentration (osmolarity) becomes higher than the cell interior, making the solution hypertonic. Water flows out of the cell, leading to plasmolysis and a decrease in cell volume.

Photosynthetically active plant cells are primarily parenchymatous cells containing chloroplasts, collectively forming the chlorenchyma tissue found in the mesophyll layer of leaves. Epidermal cells generally lack chloroplasts, and sclerenchymatous cells are dead and provide structural support.

Chloroplasts are found in photosynthetic organisms and do not require aerobic respiration to function; they are the site of photosynthesis, which is independent of the cell's respiratory state.

In plant cells, the large central vacuole is bound by a membrane called the tonoplast and contains cell sap, which includes water, ions, and various excretory substances.

Epidermis has several distinct layers of epithelial cells. The innermost layer called stratum germinations has columnar cells resting upon a common basement membrane.

Pyruvate carboxylase is a mitochodrial enzyme that catalyzes carboxylation of pyruvate into oxaloacetate. Hexokinase is an enzyme of glycolysis and is present in the cytoplasm. RUBP carboxylase catalyzes carboxylation of RuBP during photosynthetic carbon fixation. Chloroplasts is the site of photosynthesis and contain maximum quantity of RUBP carboxylase. The correct answer is C.

• A chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis, it contains all the pigments required for the process of photosynthesis. Pigments are of two types: Chlorophylls and Carotenoids.
• Chlorophylls are the green photosynthetic pigments, they are of mainly five types - chlorophyll a, b, c, d, and e. The amount of chlorophyll b is one-fourth of the total chlorophyll content while chlorophyll a is the universal or primary photosynthetic pigment and present in abundance.
• Carotenes are hydrocarbons, they may be yellow, brown or reddish pigments.
• Xanthophylls are oxygen-containing carotenes, yellowish brown in color.

Plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic bridges between adjacent plant cells which develop in minute pores of their walls. They form protoplasmic continuum called symplast. It provides channels for controlled passage of small sized particles between adjacent cells as well as transfer of some specific signals.

Plant cells have a large central vacuole, are surrounded by a cell wall, and have chloroplasts, which are the organelles of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis converts the sun's solar energy into chemical energy. This chemical energy, which is the carbohydrate glucose, serves as "food" for the plant.

Plant and animal cells have several differences and similarities. For example, animal cells do not have a cell wall or chloroplast but plant cells do. Animal cells are round and irregular in shape while plant cells have fixed, rectangular shapes.

Plant and animal cells have several differences and similarities. For example, animal cells do not have a cell wall or chloroplasts but plant cells do. Animal cells are round and irregular in shape while plant cells have fixed, rectangular shapes.

The main structural differences between plant and animal cells are the additional structures found in plant cells. These structures include chloroplasts, the cell wall and vacuoles. Vacuoles are large, liquid-filled organelles found only in plant cells. Vacuoles can occupy up to 90% of a cell's volume and have a single membrane. Their main function is as a space-filler in the cell, but they can also fill digestive functions and their interiors can be used as storage for nutrients.  

The cell wall is a tough, flexible and sometimes rigid layer that surrounds some cells e.g., plant cells. It surrounds the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection. In addition, the cell wall acts as a filtering mechanism. Animals do not have a cell wall.

The cell wall allows high pressure to build inside of the plant cell without bursting. The plant cell is able to accept large amounts of liquid through osmosis without bursting. This is due to the presence of cell wall which is absent in the animal cell.

Cellular totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism. In plants, this is a general property of most living parenchymatous cells.