Introduction to locomotion - class-VII

• Locomotion is a feature exhibited by both unicellular and multicellular organisms. 
• Paramecium uses cilia for its locomotion and Hydra uses somersaulting or gliding movement for its locomotion. 
• Kangaroos can't walk backward. An unusual feature of the kangaroo is that it cannot walk backwards. This is because of its unusually shaped hind legs and bulky tail which can grow up to four feet long.

All animals exhibit different patterns of movements. The movements differ with differences in the types of joints present in the animals. Example: In birds, the forelimbs are modified to result in wings, which leads to flying movement. In case of kangaroos, the hind limbs are modified such that they contain flexible muscles resulting in their jumping movement. In humans, the legs are modified so that they walk with two limbs only, as opposed by other vertebral mammals like dogs, cats etc. which have 4 limbs.

Snails move using a muscular organ called a foot. This foot produces mucus to help the snail glide across surfaces.

•  Locomotion is when the movement of a part of the body leads to change in the position and location of the organism. 
•  In multicellular animals, these movements include walking, running, jumping, crawling, climbing, swimming, flying, galloping, slithering, and so on. 
• Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming, the movement of the fluid substance (cytoplasm) within a plant or animal cell.  If one of the proteins remains fixed on a substrate, such as a microfilament or a microtubule, the motor proteins can move organelles and other molecules through the cytoplasm. 
•  In some unicellular organisms, such as amoeba, it provides the mechanism for cell locomotion. Hence, Streaming of protoplasm in amoeba is an example of Movement.
So, the correct answer is 'Movement'.

Movement is a characteristic feature of living organisms. The different types of movement exhibited by cells of the human body are: 

• Amoeboid movement: Leucocytes present in the blood show amoeboid movement. 
• Ciliary movement: Reproductive cells such as sperms and ova show ciliary movement.
•  Muscular movements:  Muscle tissue found inside of the heart, digestive organs, and blood vessels serve to move substances throughout the body. Hence, The cells of the human body exhibits type of movement are Amoeboid, Ciliary and Muscular.

Locomotion can be seen in  different media. 
Animals move through, or on, four types of environment: 

• Aquatic (in or on water), 
• terrestrial (on the ground or other surfaces, including arboreal, or tree-dwelling),
•  fossorial (underground), and 
• aerial (in the air). Hence, Swimming is the form of locomotion.

• Animals move for a variety of reasons, such as to find food, a mate, a suitable microhabitat, or to escape predators.
•  For many animals, the ability to move is essential for survival and, as a result, natural selection has shaped the locomotion methods and mechanisms used by moving organisms. Hence, The purpose of locomotion is to search Food, Shelter and Mate. So,the correct answer is 'All of the above'.

•  Locomotion is when the movement of a part of the body leads to change in the position and location of the organism. 
•  In multicellular animals, these movements include walking, running, jumping, crawling, climbing, swimming, flying, galloping, slithering, and so on. Hence, The ability to move from one place to another is called Locomotion.

• Generally snakes have two kind of scales. Its top and sides are generally covered by smaller scales and The bottom of the snake is covered by short but very wide scales that look like rungs on a ladder.
• These special scales at the bottom surface are called scutes.They form the belly of the snake and are integral in the snake’s ability to move.
• Hence scutes assist in locomotion in snake.
• So,the correct answer is 'Scutes'.

• Locomotion in biology pertains to the various movements of organisms (single-celled or multicellular organisms) to propel themselves from one place to another.
  
  
• In multicellular animals, these movements include walking, running, jumping, crawling, climbing, swimming, flying, galloping, slithering, and so on. Voluntary muscles are the ones that you can control. 
  
  
• Most of them move your bones around. If you want to run, walk, ride a bike, wave your arms around, or eat your favorite sandwich, it is your voluntary muscles by which u move your arms, legs, and body around. Hence, Locomotion is Voluntary movement.
   

Stapedius is a muscle on the wall of the tympanic cavity of the middle ear. It is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body. It acts reflexively in response to loud sounds by reducing excessive vibrations that may injure the internal ear. Thus the correct answer is option B.

• The exoskeleton of animals within the phylum Arthropoda mainly consists of a coating called the cuticle.
•  On the exterior surface of the cuticle is a thin, waxy layer called the epicuticle. 
• The epicuticle is formed of three layers; the inner layer is the cuticulin, which is made from lipoproteins. Hence, Epicuticle in exoskeleton is made up of Lipoprotein
So, the correct answer is 'Lipoprotein'.

• The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body.
•  It is composed of around 270 bones at birth this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. 
• The skeleton serves six major functions: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals and endocrine regulation. Hence, Excretion is not a biological function of the skeleton.

• Ecdysis is the moulting of the cuticle in many invertebrates of the clade Ecdysozoa.
•  Since the cuticle of these animals typically forms a largely inelastic exoskeleton, it is shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed.
• The remnants of the old, empty exoskeleton are called exuviae. 
• In arthropods, such as insects, arachnids and crustaceans, Moulting is the shedding of the exoskeleton (which is often called its shell), typically to let the organism grow. Hence, Shedding of the exoskeleton to replace it due to growth in the body is called ecdysis and moulting. 

• Locomotion occurs when a body changes its position from one place to another. 
• Walking, running, climbing are the forms of locomotion. 
• But some movements of our body parts like tongue, jaws does not result in any locomotion. 
• Thus it can be said that all locomotions are movements but all movements are not locomotion. Hence, the correct statement. All locomotion is movement but all movements are not locomotion. 

• The Muscles work by contraction and relaxation this represents that muscles can pull bones, but they can't push them back to the original position.
• For this reason, muscles are often arranged in pairs that pull bones in opposite directions.
• Hence muscles attached to the bones move the body by pull movement only.
• So, the correct answer is 'Pull movement only'.

• Your brain sends messages through your spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system to: control the movement of your arms and legs. control the automatic functions of your body, such as the operations of your heart, your organs and your glands. Hence, All movement of the human body is coordinated and controlled by the Nervous system.

• High extracellular K+  leads to depolarization and ensuing inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels and loss of excitability in isolated muscles, exercise-induced loss of K+ is likely to reduce muscle excitability and thereby contribute to muscle fatigue. Hence, Muscular and nervous excitability is lowered by K.

• Locomotion is when the movement of a part of the body leads to change in the position and location of the organism. 
•  In multicellular animals, these movements include walking, running, jumping, crawling, climbing, swimming, flying, galloping, slithering, and so on. Hence, the Movement of the whole animal from one place to another place is called Locomotion. 
So, the correct answer is 'Locomotion'.

•  Upon muscle contraction, the A-bands do not change their length, whereas the I-bands and the H-zone shorten.
•  This causes the Z lines to come closer together. The protein [tropomyosin] covers the myosin binding sites of the actin molecules in the muscle cell. Hence, A-Band remains constant  is true of muscle contraction
 So, the correct answer is 'A-Band remains constant'.

• The movement of an organism from one place to another, often by the action of appendages such as flagella, limbs, or wings. 
• In some animals, such as fish, locomotion results from a wavelike series of muscle contractions. 
• Types of animal locomotion include walking, running, crawling, rolling, flying, climbing, swimming, skipping and jumping.
•  Bacterial locomotion is of three types: Flagellar, Spirochaetal and Gliding movement. Hence, Locomotion is the characteristic feature of Animal and Microorganism.

Setae are the bristle-like structures that serve in annelid locomotion. Tendon is a connective tissue structure that connects a muscle to another muscle, or a muscle to a bone and serves to transmit the force generated by a muscle during movement. Pseudopods are the outgrowth of the membrane and serve in locomotion in protists. A hydrostatic skeleton is found in many soft-bodied animals and is surrounded by muscles to serve in locomotion. A typhlosole is an internal fold of the intestinal wall found in some mollusks, lampreys and some annelids and echinoderms to serve as absorption surface. 

Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs. The major advantage of bipedal locomotion is that it releases forelimbs for other purposes.

• Gait is the pattern of movement of the limbs of animals, including humans, during locomotion over a solid substrate.
•  Most animals use a variety of gaits, selecting gait based on speed and energetic efficiency. 
• Different animal species may use different gaits due to differences in anatomy that prevent the use of certain gaits. 
• In a symmetrical gait, the left and right limbs of a pair alternate, while in an asymmetrical gait, the limbs move together. Asymmetrical gaits are sometimes termed "leaping gaits", due to the presence of a suspended phase. Hence, The motion that gives tetrapod mammals the greatest speed is with An asymmetrical gait.