Conservation of forest - class-X

Thw National Forest Policy which emphasised on protecting the forests & maintaining the ecological balance & stability was enunciated in the year 1988.

The Clark R. Bavin Wildlife Law Enforcement Awards are given to individuals or organizations for their efforts in wildlife protection and combating illegal wildlife trade.

TRAFFIC is the leading non-governmental organization working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.

The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 was first amended in 1991. It is enacted for protection of plants and animal species and controling poaching, smuggling and illegal trade in wildlife and its derivatives.

The Wildlife Protection Act was passed in India in 1972, during the tenure of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

Certain species of orchids, including Paphiopedilum (Ladies slipper orchids), are listed in the schedules of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, prohibiting their trade and collection.

The Government of India has instituted Amrita Devi Bishnoi Wildlife Protection Award for individuals or communities from rural areas that have shown extraordinary courage and dedication in protecting wildlife.

Option $A$ is correct

The Tropical rainforest of Amazon is known as the lungs of the planet earth' because they are responsible for the production of about 20% of the earth's oxygen. They remove a large amount of carbon dioxide from the air and give out oxygen. So, the correct answer is 'Amazon rainforest'.

The Biological Diversity Act, 2002, was passed for the preservation of biological diversity in India and provides methods for equal sharing of benefits arising by the use of traditional biological resources.

Silviculture is the practice of controlling the growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet diverse needs and values. The study of forests and woods is termed silvology. 

Forests and wildlife are the natural resources which maintain ecological balance and biodiversity in the ecosystem. The forest provides shelter and food to the different species and thus need to be conserved because if the forests are not conserved, then it may affect these habitats with the extinction of species. Without proper management of forest and wildlife, the quality of soil, the water sources, and even the amount of rainfall may be affected. Without forest and wildlife, life would become impossible for human beings.

The forest research institute is an institute of the 'Indian council of forestry research and education'. It is the institute related to the forestry research in India. It is the oldest forestry research institute, located at Dehradun in Uttarakhand. Thus, option D is correct.

Deforestation in the catchment areas of rivers leads to increased soil erosion and reduced water absorption, causing more rapid runoff and higher flood peaks in downstream plains.

The process of planting of the trees is known as afforestation. In this method, many trees and planted to cover an area transforming it to a forest. The process of afforestation can help in preventing the increase the in the global temperature and soil erosion. 

Tribal which lives near or in forest area and takes many forest products for their use. For example, they take firewood as kitchen fuel. They hunt animals for food. They utilize many plants as food, fodder, herbs and medicines. They use fallen branches for making hut roof.

Van Mahotsav is an annual tree-planting festival in India, celebrated in the first week of July. This movement was initiated in the year 1950 by India's then 'Union Minister for Agriculture', Kulapati Dr.K M Munshi. The aim of this festival is to create awareness regarding the importance and preservation of the forest. People celebrate Van Mahotsava by planting trees or saplings in homes, offices, schools, colleges, and thus, called as afforestation. 

Afforestation deals with the establishment of a forest in a barren land devoid of any trees. Siviculture deals with establishment, growth and reproduction of timber trees. Horticulture deals with the practice of garden cultivation and management. Agroforestry deals with growing trees or shrubs around or among crops or pastureland. 

Prosopis cineraria, Acacia nilotica, and Acacia tortilis are hardy drought-resistant tree species commonly used in afforestation projects to check desertification in arid and semi-arid regions. The other options contain species less suited for extreme desert conditions. Thus, option C is the best choice for this purpose.

Afforestation and ecological restoration programs generally succeed when plants are introduced from iso-climatic regions, meaning areas with similar climatic conditions to the restoration site. Introducing plants from matching climates ensures they are pre-adapted to the temperature, rainfall, and soil conditions of the new location. This minimizes transplant shock and maximizes survival rates.

Afforestation is most effective and ecologically sound when using indigenous species, as they are already adapted to the local climate and support local biodiversity.

Realising the significance of participation by local communities, the Government of India in 1980s has introduced the concept of joint forest Management (JFM) so as to work closely with the local communities for protecting and managing forests. In return for their services to the forest, the communities get benefit of various forest products (minor forest products), and thus the forest can be conserved in a sustainable manner. Presently, there are 84632 JFM committees with 17.33 million hectare forest area under them. Some 85.28 lakh families are involved in them all over the country.