Russia, 1905-41 - class-IX

• Proletariat were the industrial working class people.
• Lenin argued that in Russia professional revolutionaries, like himself, would need to educate the Proletariat to adapt to the communist ideas.

• In 1918, Russia was divided into two forces. The Reds and the Whites. The Whites were opposed to the Bolshevik rule.
• They were led by Generals Yudenich and Denikin and Admiral Kolchak.

• In 1924 Lenin died and his body was embalmed i.e it was preserved using chemicals.
• It was placed on permanent display in Red Square Moscow where it remains, heavily guarded, today.

• In 1918, Russia was divided into two forces. The Reds and the Whites.
• The Reds were made up of Bolsheviks and was led by Trotsky.

• Lenin had fled Russia but as World War One began to go badly and the Tsar was overthrown, he returned to lead his party called Bolsheviks.
• With the help of the party members, he led a revolution and established the world’s first communist state.

• The Whites were opposed to the Bolshevik rule. These included the Tsarists and other political parties.
• There were also former landowners and army officers and armies of other powers, such as the French and British.

• Although Lenin had overthrown the Russian government, he did not defeat all opposition to communist rule.
• As a result, a civil war broke out in Russia which was ultimately won by the Bolsheviks party led by Lenin.

• Vladimir Lenin led the revolution to bring communism to Russia.
• The revolution was to replace the capitalism in Russia by establishing a system where everyone would work for the common good.

By November 1920, the White Army was defeated. Over 800000 soldiers had died along with an estimated 8 million civilians, as a result of famine and disease the war brought with it.

• In the summer of 1918, the White Army was approaching Yekaterinburg, where the Tsar and his family were under house arrest.
• The Bolsheviks decided to execute the Tsar and his entire family.

• After the unrest in January 1905, the Tsar was forced to give in to the demands for change and promised a parliament.
• Thus, the Russian parliament called Duma was established in which more people had a voice in the running of Russia.

The Russian Revolution of 1917 was called the March Revolution. The March revolution was the revolution against the czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.

Lenin's April Theses included ending the war, transferring land to peasants, and nationalizing banks, making all the listed options correct.

The Czar was forced to concede to the creation of the Duma following the widespread unrest and the humiliating defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, which undermined his authority.

The Russian famine of 1921–22, also known as Povolzhye famine, was a severe famine in Bolshevik Russia which began in early spring of 1921 and lasted through 1922. This famine killed an estimated 5 million, primarily affecting the Volga and Ural River regions, and forced peasants to resort to cannibalism.

Animal Farm was a novel written by George Orwell, where many of the events and character ran parallel to the Russian Revolution of 1917.

The last Tsar of Russia was Tsar Nicholas $II$. He was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland. Nicholas $II$ ruled from $1  November  1894$ until his enforced abdication on $2  March  1917$. 

The Tsarina's German background made her unpopular during WWI, and Rasputin's influence over the royal family was widely resented, both contributing to the decline of the monarchy's popularity.

• After the defeat of Kolchak, the Bolsheviks brought in a policy known as War Communism.
• As per the policy, factories were nationalised, food was rationed and strikes were made illegal.

• Nationalisation means when the factories are taken away from private owners and run by the state. The profits then belong to the state.
• All factories in Russia were nationalized as per the War Communism policies.

• Karl Marx argued that capitalism is a system in which those with money pay those without money to make things happen.
• They then sell these things for a profit i.e for more than they paid the workers to make them. They use this money to hire more people and so on.

The Union of Soviet Socialist Repuplics (USSR), or The Soviet Union, was formed in 1922 by The Treaty on the Creation of the USSR which legalized the unification of Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics that had occurred from 1918. 

Though Lenin was a socialist dictator and Stalin believed in communism, both ruled with an iron fist and they eliminated those who opposed them.

Lenin's April Theses demanded the transfer of power to the Soviets (workers and peasants), not the middle class. The other options (land to peasants, nationalization, ending the war) were core parts of his platform.

The Magnitogorsk Steel Plant was a part of Stalin's first five year plan, and he wanted a industry based town after the two American cities- Gary, Indiana and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania .