Cancer Treatment and Therapy - Class XII

• Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumours. At low doses, radiation is used in x-rays to see inside your body, as with x-rays of your teeth or broken bones.
• Nuclear medicine is a branch of medical imaging that uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose and determine the severity of or treat a variety of diseases, including many types of cancers, heart disease, gastrointestinal, endocrine, neurological disorders and other abnormalities within the body.
• Radiology is a medical speciality that uses medical imaging to diagnose and treat diseases within the human body.

Taxus baccata (the yew tree) is the source of taxol, a well-known anticancer compound.

Iodine 132 is used in thyroid tests, rest all are used is cancer radiotherapy

There are different types of treatment for cancer. They are:

• Surgery: Surgery can be used to diagnose, treat or even help prevent cancer in some cases.
• Radiation therapy uses high-energy particles or waves to destroy or damage cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy is the use of the medicines or drugs to treat cancer.

Sadabahar - Vinca plant is now well known in modern medicine.

• Radiotherapy is the use of electromagnetic radiations such as X-rays, gamma rays, electron beams or protons to kill or damage cancer cells to stop/slow them from growing or multiplying.
• Radiotherapy can take place before, during or after treatment or in conjugation with other treatments such as chemotherapy treatment.
• Hence Treatment of cancer by X-rays or Gamma rays is Radiotherapy.
• So, the correct answer is 'Radiotherapy'.

Alpha-interferons are biological response modifiers commonly used in cancer immunotherapy to activate the immune system and inhibit tumor cell proliferation.

Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) is the source of vincristine and vinblastine, which are potent anticancer drugs.

Curcumin, a substance found in the spice turmeric, has long been used in Asian medicine to treat a variety of maladies. Now some research suggests that curcumin may help prevent or treat cancer. Curcumin is thought to have antioxidant properties, which means it may decrease swelling and inflammation.

Polio and tuberculosis are already having vaccines as polio vaccine and BCG respectively.
Some cancers can be curable in the next two decades.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

Paclitaxel is a drug used in the treatment of cancer. It is a cytoskeletal drug that prevents the disssembly of microtubles that are formed during cell division,that is it stabilizes the microtubules, therefore the chromosome separation does not occur during Anaphase. If this phase is prolonged then the cell either undergoes apoptosis or it reverts back to G$ _0$ phase.

So, the correct answer is 'Movement and breakdown of the cytoskeleton are essential to completion of mitosis'

• Streptokinase (SK) is a thrombolytic medication and enzyme. 
• As a medication, it is used to break down clots in some cases of myocardial infarction (heart attack), pulmonary embolism, and arterial thromboembolism.
• Hence Streptokinase is not used to treat cancer.
• So, the correct answer is 'Streptokinase'.

Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as the rosy periwinkle is a species of flowering plant belonging to family Apocynaceae. It is native and endemic to Madagascar but grown elsewhere as an ornamental and medicinal plant. It is a source of the drugs vincristine and vinblastine which are used in the treatment of cancer. 

• Interferon alpha is a biological therapy drug.
•  It may be used to treat kidney cancer, melanoma, carcinoid tumours and some types of lymphoma and leukaemia. Interferon alpha is often called interferon.
•  It is usually is used in the treatment of cancer given as an injection under the skin (subcutaneously). 
• Hence, Interferon alpha is used in the treatment of cancer.
• So, the correct answer is 'Interferon alpha'.

Iodine-131 (I-131) is an important radioisotope of iodine. Iodine-131, in higher doses, is used for ablation (surgical removal) of remnant thyroid tissue following a complete thyroidectomy (removal of the thyroid gland) to treat thyroid cancer. I-131 is also used in nuclear energy, medical diagnostic and treatment procedures, and natural gas production.

The superbug engineered by Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty is a genetically modified strain of Pseudomonas bacteria capable of degrading petroleum hydrocarbons, making it useful in cleaning oil spills.

Taxus species, specifically the yew tree, are the source of taxol, a widely used anti-cancer drug.

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Treatment of cancer includes - 

There are already vaccines available for Polio and tuberculosis.
In next two decades, cancer will be curable.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A), 'Cancer'.

Interferon is the name given to a group of proteins known primarily for their role in inhibiting viral infections and in stimulating the entire immune system to fight disease. Interferons can inhibit cell division, which is one reason why they hold promise for stopping cancer growth. Interferons are members of a larger class of proteins called cytokines (proteins that carry signals between cells). Most interferons are classified as $\alpha$, $\beta$, or $\gamma$ interferons, depending on their molecular structure. Biotechnological advances making genetic engineering easier and faster are making protein drugs like interferons more available for study and use. Using recombinant DNA technology, or gene splicing, genes that code for interferons are identified, cloned and used for experimental studies and in making therapeutic quantities of protein. These modern DNA manipulation techniques have made possible the use of cell-signalling molecules like interferons as medicines.

There are around 10,000 taste buds present in the tongue. The taste cells or gustatory cells are present in the taste buds. These are majorly present on the tip of your tongue. The taste buds for sweet are present on the tip of the tongue whereas the taste buds for salt are present on the sides of the tongue.

In the last fifteen years the role of cytokines in the modulation of anti-tumor responses has been extensively studied at the Institute of Microbiology of the University of Turin. In retrospect many observations appear to have been quite innovative and original. Altogether they form the steps of a consequential intellectual endeavour leading progressively towards a precise definition of the role of the lymphokines in modulating the immune response to neoplasia. Starting from the characterization of the tumor signals required for lymphokine induction, this research progressed towards the definition of the cellular, molecular and genetic mechanisms involved, and provisionally ends with the direct manipulation of lymphokine genes transfected to tumor cells.

Electron therapy or Electron Beam Therapy (EBT) is a kind of external beam radiotherapy, where electrons are directed to a tumor site. Electron beam therapy is performed using a medical linear accelerator. The same device can also be used to produce high energy photon beams. When electrons are required, the x-ray target is retracted out of the beam and the electron beam is collimated with a piece of apparatus known as an applicator or an additional collimating insert, constructed from a low melting point alloy. Electron beam therapy is used in the treatment of superficial tumors like cancer of skin regions, or total skin (e.g., mycosis fungoides), diseases of the limbs (e.g., melanoma and lymphoma), nodal irradiation, and it may also be used to boost the radiation dose to the surgical bed after mastectomy or lumpectomy.