Waste Management and Composting - Class VII

Safai karamcharis collect the garbage in trucks and take it to a low lying open area, called a landfill.

Incineration is the process of oxidation of combustible substance present in the waste (which is heterogeneous material like minerals, metals etc.). The waste is treated to reduce its volume, convert that into useful form of energy. At a temperature of 900 to 1300$^0$ C, the organic substances in the waste will burn and release energy. So, the correct answer is 'Incineration'.

Rubbish is the term used for combustible and non-combustible solid waste, excluding food waste (which is typically called garbage).

Pyrolysis is an endothermic process, meaning it absorbs heat from the surroundings to break down organic materials in the absence of oxygen. Incineration, by contrast, is exothermic and releases heat. Composting and pulverization are physical or biological processes that do not involve thermal decomposition.

Pyrolysis is specifically defined as the thermal degradation of organic substances in the complete absence of oxygen or in a limited supply of oxygen.

• Vermi-processing toilets is a design of a toilet in which humans excreta is treated by earthworms.
• In this process, human excreta is completely converted to cake like structures called vermi cakes by earthworms. Vermi cakes are used mostly in the soil as manure and fertilizers
• Hence Vermi-processing toilets, human excreta is completely converted vermi cakes.
• So, the correct answer is 'Vermi-processing toilets'.

• Vermi-processing toilets is a design of a toilet in which humans excreta is treated by earthworms and redworms.
• In this process, human excreta is completely converted to cake like structures called vermi cakes by earthworms. Vermi cakes are used mostly in the soil as manure and fertilizers.
•  Hence The worm used in the vermi-processing toilet is Redworm.
• So, the correct answer is 'Redworm'.

• Vermi-processing toilets is a design of a toilet in which humans excreta is treated by earthworms.
• In this process, human excreta is completely converted to cake like structures called vermi cakes by earthworms. Vermi cakes are used mostly in the soil as manure and fertilizers.
• The vermi-processing toilets do not use water for flushing and therefore called dry toilets. 
• Hence vermi-processing toilets are associated with Low water use toilet because they do not use water for flushing.
• So, the correct answer is 'Low water use toilet
  

Pyrolysis is the term used for thermal decomposition of materials at high temperature in an inert atmosphere i.e. absence of air.

Pyrolysis occurs when organic material is heated in the absence of air (oxygen) or with a very limited supply, preventing combustion and instead causing thermal decomposition.

Pyroligneous acid is a dark liquid byproduct of the wood pyrolysis process, which contains a significant amount of acetic acid, along with methanol and acetone.

Septic tanks are underground tanks in which sewage is collected and allowed to decompose with the use of bacteria. Drainage tanks are used to remove water. Sewage pollutes the water bodies when directly discharged into water bodies like river. Septic canal is a tubular passageway for the disposal for sewage.

Composting is a biological process that breaks down organic waste, leading to a significant reduction in the volume and mass of the original solid waste.

1. Arsenic poisoning causes black foot disease as arsenic is a carcinogen that results in darkening of the skin and abdominal issues.
   2. Secondary treatment to the effluents involves a biological process in which the organic matter in the effluent is decomposed by the bacteria and fungi.
   3. Pyrolysis is the process in which the solid soil is subjected to the high temperature to decompose it into ash.
   4. Tubifex is a roundworm that can sustain the polluted water that has low levels of dissolved oxygen and heavy metal deposition. So, its growth in any water body indicates water pollution.
   5. Biomagnification is the ability of the non-degradable pollutants to stay in the adipose tissues of the living organisms and persist in higher concentration.
   Hence, the correct answer is '1,2,3,4'.