Work, life and leisure - class-VIII

A society that has similar kinds of people, especially where there are no significant ethnic differences is called as a homogeneous society. Germany and Sweden were highly homogeneous at one point of time.

The economic policies pursued by the colonial government in India were concerned more with the protection of the economic interests of their home country than with the development of the Indian economy. Such policies brought about a fundamental change in the structure of the Indian economy i.e., transforming the country into a supplier of raw materials and consumer of finished industrial products from Britain. 

Bombay was handed over to the British as part of the dowry when King Charles II of England married the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza in 1661.

The very first section of the Underground in the world opened on 10 January 1863 between Paddington and Farrington Street in London. On that day 10,000 passengers were carried, with trains running every ten minutes.

Private landlord- A private landlord can increase his earning by renting out tenements. This was the case during the later part of nineteenth century and early twentieth century in London. The situation was same in Bombay during the early twentieth century.

During the War years, many women got employment in the factories because most of the men were busy at the battlefronts. Once the War was over, women gradually lost their jobs. Most of them were forced to household duties. Some women began to start tailoring, washing and matchbox making to earn some money.

The poor sanitary conditions in one-room tenements posed a threat of epidemics. Moreover, such houses were also potential fire hazards. To keep the city safe from epidemics and fire, the well-off Londoners supported the need to build housing for the poor in the nineteenth century.

Most of the workers in the film industry themselves were migrants from various parts of the country. They probably better understood the problems of migrants. This is the reason that a number of Bombay films were about the lives of migrants.

Baron Haussman was the town planner who tried to build a perfect city of Paris. In the process, a large number of people were displaced. Al though it resulted in the development of beautiful city, but it ended up alienating a lot of people in the process.

The growth of trade in cotton and opium, the establishment of textile mills, and the expansion of railways were all significant factors that contributed to the rapid population growth of Bombay in the mid-nineteenth century.

While cities are often religious centers, this is not a universal determinant used by scholars to define a city, as many cities are secular or multi-religious, whereas the other options describe essential functional and structural characteristics of urban centers.

Andrew
Mearns, a clergyman who wrote 'The Bitter Cry of Outcast London' in
1880s, showed why crime was more profitable than labouring in small
underpaid factories.

London became the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925. Rising traffic on the city roads led to the creation of the world's first metro system. Because of this rapid growth, London became one of the first cities in human history to reach a population of one million, and was the first ever to surpass five million.

The London underground railway partially solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and from the city. The very first section of the Underground rail in the world opened on 10 January 1869 between Paddington and Farrington Street in London. Initially, 10,000 passengers used this railway system. In 1880 the expanded train service carried 40 million passengers a year.

As
London grew, crime flourished. Almost 20000 criminals were living in
London in the 1870s. The police were worried about law and order,
Philanthropists were anxious about public morality.

The Singapore government passed a legislature restricting people from migration into the city. As the city was over populated the government felt that more people would lead to crisis. The government also provided with housing for the existing citizens and ensured their safety and well being.

In
1887, Charles Booth conducted the first social survey of low-skilled
London workers in the East End of London. He found that as many as 1
million Londoners were very poor and were expected to live only up to an
average age of 29.

The rent control Act of 1918 was passed in the Bombay Presidency. It was passed to keep the rent under control as the private landlords charged high rents from the poor migrants and provided them with low-quality housing. This Act was not successful as it created a housing crisis and houses were not available for the migrants and they were put to a lot of hardship.

During
the First World War London began manufacturing motor cars and electric
goods, and the number of large factories increased until they accounted
for nearly one-third of all jobs in the city.

Libraries, art galleries and museums were established in the nineteenth century to provide people with a sense of history and pride in the British achievements.

The company appointed a paid servant called gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.

Its population multiplied fourfold in the 70 years between 1810 and 1880, increasing from 1 million to about 4 million.

Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidency in 1819, after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo-Maratha war.

As established in the history of Bombay, the island was transferred from the Portuguese to the British as part of the dowry for the marriage of Charles II and Catherine of Braganza.

The principle of the Garden City was developed by architect and planner Ebenezer Howard to solve the problem of the growing congestion and pollution of the city of London. The Garden City was a pleasant space full of plants and trees, where people would both work and live.