Principles of secularism - class-VIII

Pakistan under Musharraf should not be called a democracy as the country there is ruled by orders of army. There sis no separation of Power between organs here.

Sovereignty is the full power of a body to govern itself. It is the supreme power in decision making without interference from external sources. In political terms, it has two aspects, internal and external.

Democracy is a system in which power ultimately comes from the people. It is of two types- direct and representative. An example of direct democracy is referendum where people directly vote on the issue. In representative democracy, people vote for their representatives and are governed through them. Therefore, in a democracy, people are considered sovereign.

Socalism is a political and economic theory which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. It is a system in which  goods and services are provided through  government ownership rather than through competition and a free market system. Therefore, everyone has a right over the wealth of the country.

A republic is a form of government in which the government is represented by elected individuals and ruled according to the rule of law under a constitution. When a public position is occupied by a person on the basis of hereditary succession, the system is called a monarchy.

India seeks to secure social, economic and political justice for its people which are specified in the Preamble. Economic Justice means no discrimination against anyone on the basis of income, wealth and economic status. It eventually protects an individual from the evils of hunger, hunger deaths, malnourishment, etc.

India seeks to secure social, economic and political justice for its people which is specified in the Preamble. Social Justice means the absence of socially privileged classes in the society and no discrimination against any citizen on grounds of caste, creed, colour, religion, sex or place of birth. It also stands for elimination of all forms exploitation from the society.

The term liberty in a positive sense means the absence of restriction on the activities of individual and providing opportunities for development. The Preamble of the Constitution secures all citizens of India liberty of thought, expression, belief faith, and worship, through fundamental rights which can be enforced in a court of law if a violation occurs. A person has the liberty to freely propagate and profess any faith or religion and worship the same.

Our Constitution provides liberty of thoughts, expression and that of religion in form of fundamental rights, enforceable in a court of law if violated. The Freedom of expression is called the mother of all liberties. It implies that every citizen has the right to express his views, opinions, belief, and thoughts. This freedom is considered as Hallmark of democracy for the proper functioning of Government.

Preamble is an introductory statement that states the source of authority, date of adoption, guiding principles, etc. Also, it specifies character and values like sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic, justice, liberty, equality, fraternity. It talks about equality of status and opportunity to all and its promotion among the citizens.

The Indian Constitution ensures to all citizens of India equality of status and opportunity as Fundamental Rights which are can be enforced in a court of law. It means the absence of special privilege to any person or section and adequate opportunities for all. It stipulates each and every person be treated equally and subject to equal law.

The central social welfare Board was established in 1953 for promoting voluntarism and general welfare of family, women, and children. State Social Welfare Boards were established to establish various schemes for welfare and development of women and children. These are important organizations in the socio-economic development of India working both at center and state level.

The environmental knowledge acquired by many women is both useful and detailed. Close daily contact makes women, more than men, familiar with properties and uses of the natural environment, for example, disease and drought-resistant crops and tree varieties, efficient fuelwood, and medicinal plants. A survey in Sierra Leone revealed that women could identify 31 different forest products while men were able to identify only 8 of them. Women are often very aware of the ecological relationships that affect their daily life. 

Indira Mahila Yojana aims at organizing at the grass-root level to facilitate the participation of the women in the decision-making process. The main objective of this plan is to create awareness among the women and to provide the income resources to them. This plan will establish coordination among the various plans related to women so that the available funds can be properly used for the welfare of women. Under the ‘Indira Mahila Yojana’, women groups are formed in the villages and urban slums that work with the support of the Indira Mahila Kendras established at the ‘Anganwadi’ level. Road construction, rural electrification, increasing the non-traditional energy sources, social forestry, education, and health programs have also been included in the scheme. Setting up schools at the village level for women was not the objective of this scheme. 

Part XIV of the Constitution of India provides for the Services under Union and States. The provisions related to formation, power, functions, authority, terms of service and its termination, etc is explained under article 308 to 323 of this part.

Option A is the correct answer. The word 'socialist secular' and 'unity and integrity of the Nation' were added to our Constitution by 42nd Amendment of the Constitution. The 42nd amendment to Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Forty-second amendment) Act, 1976, was enacted during the Emergency (25 June 1975 – 21 March 1977) by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi.

India is a secular country. The term 'Secular' was added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. In India, people of different religions have the freedom to practice, profess and propagate their religion with any discrimination.

Conflicts occur when people of different cultures, religions, regions or economic backgrounds do not get along with each other or when some among them feel they are discriminated.

The word Sovereign means that a State is not under the control of a foreign power. Sovereignty implies that it is not subject to the control of any other State or external power. 

India seeks to secure social, economic and political justice for its people which are specified in the Preamble. It means equal, free and fair opportunities to the people for participation in the political process which includes the right to vote. The Constitution of India provides for a liberal democracy in which all the people have the right and freedom to participate.

Fraternity refers to friendship and mutual support within a group having similar interests. The value of fraternity was borrowed by the Indian Constitution from the French Revolution where the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity emerged. It can be referred to as brotherhood or kinship among a closely linked group of people. Hence it is often called a 'We-feeling'.