Types of endosperms - class-XI

Leaves of a plant are diploid as it forms from zygote which is diploid itself.

(a) Endosperm is the layer of tissue in the seeds that surround the embryo and provides nutrition' It is mainly of three different types:

Because it is formed by separate fertilization, the endosperm constitutes an organism separate from the growing embryo. About 70% of angiosperm species have endosperm cells that are polyploid. These are typically triploid (containing three sets of chromosomes). So, the correct option is C. ( Triploid nutritive tissue )

Coconut water is a classic example of free-nuclear endosperm development, where repeated free nuclear divisions occur without immediate cell wall formation. Later, cellularization may occur in the peripheral regions, but the liquid coconut water remains free-nuclear.

In grass embryos, the single large, shield-shaped cotyledon is known as the scutellum. It functions to absorb nutrients from the endosperm during seed germination.

Helobial endosperm is an intermediate between nuclear and cellular types. Helobial endosperm formation is a type of endosperm formation, where a cell wall is laid down between the first two nuclei, after which one half develops endosperm along the cellular pattern and the other half along the nuclear pattern.

Cellular endosperm formation - where a cell wall formation is coincident with nuclear divisions. Coconut meat is cellular endosperm. Acoraceae has cellular endosperm development while other monocots are helobial. Examples are: Gentianaceae, Adoxa and Peperomia.

Nuclear endosperm formation - where repeated free nuclear divisions take place; if a cell wall is formed, it will form after free nuclear divisions. Commonly, referred to as liquid endosperm. Coconut juice is an example of this.
Helobial endosperm formation - where a cell wall is laid down between the first two nuclei, after which one half develops endosperm along the cellular pattern and the other half along the nuclear pattern.

The three principal types of endosperm formation found in angiosperms—nuclear, cellular and helobial and are classified on the basis of when the cell wall forms. In nuclear endosperm formation, repeated free-nuclear divisions take place; if a cell wall is formed, it will form after free-nuclear division. In cellular endosperm formation, cell-wall formation is coincident with nuclear divisions. In helobial endosperm formation, a cell wall is laid down between the first two nuclei, after which one half develops endosperm along the cellular pattern and the other half along the nuclear pattern. 

Ruminate endosperm, which has an irregular or wrinkled surface, is a characteristic feature of seeds in the Arecaceae (palm) family, such as the Areca nut.

The endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein. It is formed by the fusion of secondary nucleus and one of the male gamete.

The scutellum is a modified, shield-shaped cotyledon found in monocot embryos, specifically in the grass family, which functions to absorb nutrients from the endosperm.