Punjab: physical features and its impact - class-X

Punjab is a northwestern state in India. It is borderd by Jammu and Kashmir, Haryana, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh. It was called the land of seven rivers during the Vedic age. It is the heart of India’s Sikh community and known for the Golden temple which is a major pilgrimage site.

After the partition of India in 1947, the North-West Frontier Province became part of Pakistan, but in the context of the question regarding the Indian Republic, the administrative divisions were reorganized.

Under the Indo-Bactrian and Indo-Parthian rulers, Sakala (modern-day Sialkot) served as a significant capital in the Punjab region.

The Chinese traveler Hieun Tsang (Xuanzang) documented the region and referred to the area as Tsekai (Taki).

These are all historical names for the region of Punjab, which is known as the land of five rivers.

During the Mughal period, the province of Punjab was administratively divided into the subahs of Lahore and Multan.

In the Vedic age, the region was referred to as Sapta Sindhu, meaning the land of seven rivers.

During the epic period of the Ramayana and Mahabharata, the region was commonly referred to as Panchnada.

The Greek historians, following Alexander's campaign, called the region Pentapotamia, which translates to land of five rivers.

During the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh Empire expanded extensively, and the Sutlux River served as the recognized political and eastern boundary of his kingdom, particularly established by the Treaty of Amritsar in 1809 with the British.

The Khyber Pass was the strategic western gateway of the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Punjab is a northwestern state in India. It is a triangular piece of land between Indus and Yamuna rivers. It is borderd by Jammu and Kashmir, Haryana, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh. It was called the land of seven rivers during the Vedic age. It is the heart of India’s Sikh community and known for the Golden temple which is a major pilgrimage site.

Punjab is a northwestern state in India. It is borderd by Jammu and Kashmir, Haryana, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh. Medieval Punjab provided an entrance to Invaders, Traders, Scholars and Merchants. The Khyber pass and Bolan pass served an entrance to Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Ghaznavids, Timurids, Pashtuns and Mughals.

Punjab is a northwestern state in India. It is borderd by Jammu and Kashmir, Haryana, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh. Medieval Punjab provided an entrance to Invaders, Traders, Scholars and Merchants. The Khyber and Bolan passes served an entrance to Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Ghaznavids, Timurids, Pashtuns and Mughals.

Punjab Himalayas are a continuous stretch of mountains of length 560km. they lie between Indus and Satluj rivers. Karakoram, Ladakh, Pir Panjal, Zaskar and Dhaola Dhar are the major ranges in this section.

Geographically, the Punjab region is divided into the Himalayan mountain ranges, the sub-mountainous region (Kandi/Siwaliks), and the fertile plains.

Ravi river forms the border of India and Pkistan. It is one of the five tributaries of the Indus River. It rises in the Himalayas in Himachal Pradesh and empties into Chenab river in Pakistan. The waters of the Ravi River drain into the Arabian Sea.

The Treaty of Amritsar (1809) established the Satluj River as the boundary between the British Empire and the Sikh Empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

On 1 November 1966, Punjab was divided into Haryana and Punjab. The capital of Punjab is Chandigarh, which also serves as the capital of Haryana and is thus administered separately as a Union Territory of India. The partition was on linguistic basis. Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 dealt with the matters related to the partition.

In ancient texts, Taki refers to a tribe or a kingdom associated with the people living in that specific region of Punjab.

At the time of the 1947 partition, 13 districts of the undivided Punjab were allocated to the Indian side.

Lord Curzon, as Viceroy of India, created the North-West Frontier Province in 1901 by separating the trans-Indus districts from Punjab.