Genetically modified organism - class-XII

Herbicide-tolerant plants are plants whose growth and development are not significantly affected by herbicides used on the weeds growing around them. 

Organic agriculture will help improve food production as it involves production system that relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions and does not involve the use of pesticides, fertilizers or other genetically modified organisms etc. Use of genetically modified crop-based agriculture techniques, on the other hand, will help increase yield and also provide the plants with resistance to diseases. 

Biotechnology is an applied branch, which involves the use of bioanalytical techniques. This branch is mainly associated with the genetic engineering, which helps in the modification of organisms.

Transposons are basically jumping genes. Protoplast fusion is a technique of creating hybrids, the mating of one species protoplast and other species protoplast. While microinjection is a method of injecting our interest of DNA directly into the host. We can achieve transformation by microinjection too but Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is most commonly used. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a naturally occurring soil bacterium causing crown gall disease and has the ability to introduce new genetic material into the plant cell. 

Genetically modified crops are the crop which consists modified DNA sequences. The modifies sequence expresses itself and increases the quality and quantity of food and promotes the development of disease resistant varieties.

A significant concern regarding the introduction of genetically modified food is the potential for horizontal gene transfer or the unintended presence of allergens or toxins that could pose health risks to consumers.

GMO technology is versatile and is used for improving crop resilience to abiotic stresses (like drought or salinity), reducing post-harvest losses (like delayed ripening), and enhancing nutritional content (like Golden Rice).

The Barnase gene, when expressed in the tapetum cells of plants, leads to the destruction of these cells, resulting in male sterility. This is a common technique used in hybrid seed production.

• E. coli is a perfect model for several reasons: E. coli is a single-celled organism that can be manipulated and killed with no ethical concerns. It has a rapid growth rate and is very easy to culture and grow. Finally, and most importantly, E. coli genetics are well-studied and can be manipulated easily.
• The basis of Agrobacterium-mediated genetic engineering is that the T-DNA of A. tumefaciens is excised and integrates into the plant genome as part of the natural infection process by this bacterium. An Agrobacterium cell to act as the vehicle for a transforming plasmid. a Ti plasmid with functional Vir genes.

Golden rice, Rosie and Dogie all are genetically modified organisms. Dolly, the sheep is a coloured animal, as she was created using an unmodified cell. 

Since A. tumefaciens is a natural plant genetic engineer known to induce tumours in plants by transferring j and integrating its DNA into the host genome. Therefore, by slightly manipulating, i.e., removing the tumour causing genes and replacing them with desired genes, it can be easily used as a plant vector.

A transgene is a gene or genetic material that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another. The introduction of a transgene (called transgenesis) has the potential to change the phenotype of an organism.

Triticale is a crop species (cereal grain) formed as a result of cross between wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale). It combines the yield potential and grain quality of wheat with the disease and environmental tolerance (including soil conditions) of rye. So, the correct option is 'wheat and rye'.

Flavr Savr (also known as CGN-89564-2), is a genetically modified tomato, that was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food to be granted a license for human consumption. It was produced by the Californian company Calgene.

Genetically modified organisms (GMO) are those organisms whose genetic material has been altered using techniques in genetics generally known as recombinant DNA.
They have many applications like:
Genetically modified organisms can be used to produce genetically modified food which enhances the nutrient value of food. 
GMOs help to increase yields by protecting crops from pests, weeds thereby reducing the post-harvest losses.
Genetically modified crops is emerging as an effective measure to counteract the negative impact of abiotic stress.
Thus, the correct answer is 'All of the above'.

Genetically modified crops are the plants whose DNA has been modified by using genetic engineering methods to introduce a new tait in the plants. But several studies indicate serious health risks associated with GMO's including infertility, immune problems, allergic reactions, changes in the system of GIT. The toxins introduced in plants cause allergic reactions in humans , even they move to the GIT of humans or the foetus in pregnant mothers. GMOs also fails the allergic tests because their proteins have some properties similar to allergens. They also reduces our immunity level.