History and Principles of Vaccination

Smallpox vaccine was introduced by Edward Jenner in 1798. He observed that milkmaids who had previously caught cowpox did not later catch smallpox by showing that inoculated cowpox protected against inoculated smallpox. Smallpox vaccine was the first successful vaccine.

Swine flu and polio can be prevented by giving vaccination at the right time. There are many more diseases which can be prevented by vaccines. Therefore, (c) is the correct answer.

The smallpox vaccine is made from the weekend virus called Vaccinia, which is another smallpox-type virus that cannot cause infections. This vaccine helps the body develop immunity to smallpox and thus successfully eradicate smallpox from the human population.

The smallpox vaccine is the only way to prevent smallpox. The vaccine is made from a virus either weakened or attenuated (has lost its ability to cause the disease), which is introduced into the blood. This helps in building the antibodies against the smallpox virus in the body. Smallpox was eradicated by this vaccination program, starting in 1967. 

The methods of administering vaccines is by inoculation, but some are given orally. A vaccine produces immunity to a disease by stimulating the production of antibodies.

Vaccines contain dead or alive but attenuated pathogens or toxoids consisting of microbial components. Vaccines is introduces into the body to stimulate the formation of antibodies by the immune system.

Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Edward Jenner administered the world’s first vaccination as a preventive treatment for smallpox. He took fluid from a cowpox blister, attenuated the cowpox virus and introduced it into the skin of James Phipps, an eight-year-old boy who is suffering from smallpox. A single blister rose up on the spot, but James soon recovered.

An attenuated vaccine is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (live). Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. The technique of preparing vaccine from attenuated pathogen was first discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1879 against anthrax and rabies.

• Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) demonstrated that microorganisms cause both fermentation and disease, which support the germ theory of disease. He developed the earliest vaccines against anthrax.

• Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.
•  It is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases, widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the elimination of diseases such as polio, measles, and tetanus from much of the world.
•  Edward Jenner discovered the process of vaccination in 1796 by introducing material from cowpox vesicle.
  

• A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
  
• The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived from smallpox of a cow were introduced by Edward Jenner.
  

The polio vaccine was developed in 1955 by Dr. Jonas Salk and thus called the “Salk vaccine”. It is the inactivated or killed vaccine that was given by intramuscular injection but now it is given orally. The inactivated polio vaccine produces antibodies in the blood to all three types of poliovirus. In the event of infection, these antibodies prevent the spread of the virus to the central nervous system and protect against paralysis. 

• Smallpox vaccine, the first successful vaccine to be developed, was introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796. 
• He followed up his observation that milkmaids who had previously caught cowpox did not later catch smallpox by showing that inoculated cowpox protected against inoculated smallpox. 
• Hence, The first vaccine produced by Edward Jenner was for protection against Smallpox  
• So, the correct answer is 'Smallpox'.

Variolation was an early method of inoculation where material from a smallpox patient was introduced into a healthy person to induce immunity before the development of modern vaccines.

The polio vaccine was developed in 1955 by Dr. Jonas Salk and thus called the “Salk vaccine”. It is the inactivated or killed vaccine that was given by intramuscular injection but now it is given orally.

Variolation practices originated in the East (specifically China and India) long before they were introduced to the West.

• Rabies is a viral disease caused by the rabies virus that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure.
• Virtually all infections with rabies resulted in death until two French scientists, Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux, developed the first rabies vaccination in 1885.
• Hence vaccine against rabies was first developed by Pasteur.
• So, the correct answer is 'Pasteur'.

Explanation: Pulse Polio Immunization is a program initiated by the Government of India, where children between the ages of 0 to 5 years are administered oral polio vaccine twice a year to interrupt transmission of polio.