Sporulation - class-XII

A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses flagella for locomotion. They are commonly found in algae and fungi.

Penicillium reproduces sexually by forming ascospores within an ascus. Conidiospores are asexual spores.

So, the correct answer is 'Meiosis and Mitosis'.

A.zygospore – it is the product of fertilization. It is a diploid structure in the life cycle of Chlamydomonas. It undergoes meiosis and form into a new Chlamydomonas cells.

B.Zoospore – Flagellated, motile structures formed during asexual reproduction in Chlamydomonas is called Zoospore. It is haploid, formed by mitosis.

C.Hyponospore – Thick walled resting spore formed during unfavourable conditions is called Hypnospore.

D.Aplanospore – Aflagellated, non motile spores formed during asexual reproduction is called aplanospore.

So, the correct option is ‘zygospore’.

• Thick-walled non-motile spores formed to tide over unfavorable condition is called  Hypnospores. They germinate on the arrival of favorable conditions. e.g., Chlamydomonas, Ulothrix.

The motile reproductive structures of algae and fungi, which directly give rise to new individuals are called zoospores. It is a asexual motile spore. It uses flagella for locomotion. The zoospores are liberated either by the disintegration of the zoosporangial wall or by the formation of an apical pore on the zoosporangium. After liberation the zoospores swim for a while, then with­draw their flagella, encyst and ulti­mately germinate into new plants.

In Albugo, conidia are produced in chains at the tips of sporangiophores. The youngest conidia are at the base, meaning they are arranged basipetally.

Fungi reproduces asexually by means of sporangia. Sporangiospores are spores that are produced in a sporangium (plural: sporangia). A sporangium in fungi (but not mosses and some other organisms) is simply a cell containing spores. 

Sori are asexually reproducing structures produced on the abaxial surface of the leaf and produce haploid spores, that germinates to form the independent gametophyte.

This ejection ensures exit of the spores from the reproductive structures as well as traveling through the air over long distances. 

Mosses have two forms of reproduction. Asexual or vegetative reproduction and sexual reproduction. Mosses produce small sexual structures known as archegonium (the female structure that produces egg cells), or antheridium (the male structure that produces sperm cells). In moss, the zygote formation begins the second phase of the moss life cycle where the zygote develops into the sporophyte (spore-plant). The sporophyte consists of three structures, a foot which anchors it to the gametophyte and helps to transfer water and nutrients from the gametophyte, a long erect stalk called a seta and a pod-like capsule at the end where spores are produced. So the correct option is "Moss".

Zoospores of Chlamydomonas are spores that are formed under the unfavorable condition and exhibit asexual reproduction and are able to form a new plant. They use lateral flagella for locomotion.

The species of penicillium multiply by vegetative fragmentation as well as asexual and sexual methods.

 Spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa. They place a role in germination. They lack food reserve since they undergo different cellular division. Bacterial spores are not part of a sexual cycle but are resistant structures used for survival under unfavourable conditions. Myxozoan spores release amoebulae into their hosts for parasitic infection, but also reproduce within the hosts through the pairing of two nuclei within the plasmodium, which develops from the amoebula. The spores of seed plants, however, are produced internally and the megaspores, formed within the ovules and the microspores are involved in the formation of more complex structures that form the dispersal units, the seeds and pollen grains.

When the conditions are favorable the zoospores were formed. The cell becomes no motile during the formation of zoospores and the flagella are distracted or retracted.

Asexual reproduction in fungi takes place by conidia, zoospore, sporangiospores, chlamydospore and oidia.

Spores owe some of their resistance to the presence of an outer proteinaceous layer termed the spore coat. Spore coat protects the spore from enzymes, such as lysozyme, from mechanical disruption, from some chemicals, high temperature, low humidity and chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide ($H _2O _2$). So the correct option is "High temperature and Low humidity".