Diabetes mellitus - class-XII

In diabetes mellitus, either body doesn't make enough insulin, or it can't use the insulin it does produce, or a combination of both. The cells need insulin to take in the glucose and use it for energy. Since, the cells can't take in the glucose, it builds up in blood. Common symptoms include the following: frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained weight loss, extreme hunger, sudden vision changes, tingling or numbness in the hands or feet, feeling very tired much of the time, very dry skin, sores, that are slow to heal, more infections than usual.

The pancreas is a mixed gland that acts as both an exocrine and an endocrine gland. The endocrine part of the pancreas has about 1 to 2 million Islets of Langerhans. The two main types of cells in the Islet of Langerhans are called α-cells and β-cells. The α-cells secrete a hormone called glucagon, while the β-cells secrete insulin. Insulin stimulates cellular glucose uptake, its utilization, and glycogenesis resulting in Hypoglycemia(Low blood sugar).

• So, the correct option is 'Hypoglycemia'.

Type II diabetes is referred to as maturity-onset diabetes because they are characterized by impaired insulin secretion with very less or no defects in insulin action.

• Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscles and fat tissue and by causing fat to be stored rather than used for energy. 
• Insulin also inhibits the production of glucose by the liver. Except in the presence of the metabolic disorder diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, insulin is provided within the body in a constant proportion to remove excess glucose from the blood, which otherwise would be toxic. 

• Gestational diabetes is the third main form of diabetes and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop a high blood sugar level. 

Diabetes Mellitus is due to deficiency or absence of insulin or interference in insulin activity. Prolonged hypergylcaemia leads to this disorder. This causes following effects :

Diabetes Mellitus is due to deficiency or absence of insulin or interference in insulin activity. Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to this complex disorder called diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus causes the following effects :

• Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
•  The condition in which your cells don't get enough glucose, your body burns fat for energy instead. This produces a substance called ketones, which can show up in your blood and urine. 
• High ketone levels in urine may indicate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a complication of diabetes that can lead to a coma or even death. Hence, the Condition of a concentration of ketone body urine is diabetes mellitus.
• So, the correct answer is 'diabetes mellitus'.

• Under conditions of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism, such as occurs in diabetes mellitus, in which your cells don't get enough glucose, your body burns fat for energy instead.
•  This produces a substance called ketones, which can show up in your blood and urine.
•  ketones accumulate in the blood (ketonemia) and are excreted in the urine (ketonuria). 
• The accumulation of ketones is often the cause of acidosis and coma in diabetics. Ketonuria is also associated with starvation. Hence, Ketonuria is due to diabetes mellitus.

• Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. 
• Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications.
• The number of people with diabetes has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. Hence, Percentage of world population suffering from diabetes is 4%.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease which is caused due to the deficiency of insulin hormone. As insulin is not present in the blood the glucose cannot be taken up by the cell. Therefore the amount of glucose increases in the blood which leads to the damage of tiny blood vessel in the kidney, heart, eyes and nervous system.

• Some of the symptoms associated with untreated diabetes mellitus (DM) are weight loss, polyuria (increased urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger). 
• These symptoms may develop rapidly (weeks or months) in type 1 DM, while they usually develop much more slowly and maybe subtle or absent in type 2 DM. 

Carbohydrates should constitute around 60-70% of the total calories in diabetics. Carbohydrates in the form of simple sugars need restriction. The carbohydrates should be in the form of complex polysaccharides (starch) and contain adequate amount of digestible fibres. Very high carbohydrate intakes and/or high glycaemic index foods can exacerbate the dyslipidemia, including hypertriglyceridemia.

• Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease that results in high sugar level in the blood or high blood glucose. 
• Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. 
• Type 1 DM results from the failure of the beta cells of the pancreas to produce enough insulin. 
• Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly.