Kidney transplant - class-XI

HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) genes are the human version of the MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) and are critical for the immune system to recognize self vs non-self, which is the primary factor in organ transplant rejection.

Successful kidney transplantation requires compatibility in both blood type (to avoid acute hemolytic reactions) and HLA markers (to minimize immune-mediated rejection).

An allograft is a transplant of an organ or tissue between two genetically non-identical members of the same species, such as a parent and a child.

As established in previous questions, both blood group matching and HLA matching are fundamental requirements for determining the compatibility between a donor and a recipient for a kidney transplant.

End stage renal disease is the stage when both the kidneys have stopped functioning, the survival of the patient depends on dialysis which is a periodic process of cleaning the patient's blood of wastes or a non functional kidney is replaced through transplantation from a donor.

All listed procedures are standard in the evaluation process for a kidney transplant: Ultrasound for anatomical assessment, ECG for cardiac clearance, and HLA typing for immunological compatibility.

Recipients require immunosuppressants to prevent rejection (i is correct). Cell-mediated immunity, specifically involving T-lymphocytes, is the primary driver of graft rejection (ii is correct). B-lymphocytes are involved in humoral immunity, and interferons are not the primary determinant of rejection.

Immuno-suppressant drugs are prescribed if a patient is suffering from an autoimmune disorder or has undergone an organ transplant like a liver, heart or kidney. This is done to prevent the organ from being damaged by the immune system of the recipient. However, as the immune system is being suppressed the patient/recipient may be prone to infections, sepsis or other pathological conditions.

During a kidney transplant usually the failed kidney is not removed instead the transplanted kidney is placed in the iliac fossa (cavity)
Conventionally, the kidney receives blood from the renal artery and the renal vein drains blood into the inferior vena cava. However, since the kidney is placed in the iliac fossa that receives blood from the external iliac artery the transplanted kidney is connected to the external iliac artery and accordingly to the external iliac vein. This is also done to make the further surgeries, if required to be less complicated.
So, the correct answer is 'External iliac'

Answer is option B i.e."Internal iliac vein"
The internal iliac vein drains blood from the visceral organs in the pelvic region. The internal iliac vein may double all these veins and tributaries join together to form the inferior vena cava.

An enema is administered before surgery to clear the bowel, which helps prevent bowel blockage or contamination during the procedure and recovery period.

In a standard kidney transplant, the donor kidney is placed in the iliac fossa, which is located in the lower abdomen, rather than in the original anatomical position of the kidneys.

Isograft is a tissue or organ transplanted from a donor to a recipient who are identical or monozygotic twins. In an isograft transplantation the chances of rejection are near to nil with identical MHCs as they are genetically identical.

The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules are the cell-surface proteins encoded by HLA genes that are primarily responsible for the immune system recognizing the donor organ as foreign.

Monkey and humans have evolved into two distinct lineages and are distinct species and therefore have a dissimilar genetic composition. Any transplant between these two organisms is known as a xenograft. Which may be rejected vigorously due to greater than required MHC incompatibility.

Allograft is a tissue or organ transplanted from a donor to recipient of the same species but is genetically different and therefore may face rejection during kidney transplant due to distinct HLA proteins

A xenograft involves transplanting tissue between different species, which results in the highest level of genetic variation and the most severe immune rejection response compared to autografts or allografts.