Diet and Disease - class-VI

Obesity is primarily caused by an energy imbalance where caloric intake exceeds energy expenditure. Excess intake of carbohydrates, which are converted to energy or stored as fat, is a major contributor.

• Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. 
•  People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the person's height, is over 30 kg/m2; the range 25–30 kg/m2 is defined as overweight. 
• Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake particularly fat and sugars, but don't burn off the energy through exercise and physical activity, it will be stored by the body as fat. Hence, Junk food eaten frequently leads to Obesity.

Obesity results from the excess consumption of energy-dense foods, specifically carbohydrates and fats, which the body stores as adipose tissue when not utilized.

Fats and carbohydrates are among the three vital macronutrients, the other being proteins, that are needed to keep your body healthy. While eating moderate amounts is beneficial, excessive intake of fats and carbohydrates can cause complications such as cancer and obesity. 

Weight = 150 lbs * 0.45 kg/lb = 67.5 kg. Height = 5.3 feet * 30.4 cm/ft = 161.12 cm = 1.6112 m. BMI = Weight / Height^2 = 67.5 / (1.6112^2) = 67.5 / 2.596 = 26.001. A BMI of 26.01 falls into the overweight category.

Marasmus is caused by protein-energy-malnutrition (PEM) or deficiency of protein. The common symptoms are impaired physical growth, sub-cutaneous fat disappears, ribs become very prominent, limbs become thin and skin becomes dry, thin and wrinkled and  loss of weight occurs. The cure is diet with adequate proteins and proper caloric value.

Marasmus is a form of severe malnutrition caused by a deficiency of both protein and calories (overall food intake).

• There are two types of malnutrition diseases. 
• Kwashiorkor is the disease that is due to the deficiency of protein in the diet. 
• The other type of malnutrition disease is the marasmus, which is due to the deficiency of protein and energy. 
• When there are low calorie and protein intake in the diet, results in marasmus. 
• Thus, the correct answer is option B. 

Kwashiorkor is a protein-deficiency disease characterized by edema (swelling), diarrhea, and skin changes, often occurring in children after weaning.

Kwashiorkor is primarily caused by a severe deficiency of protein or essential amino acids in the diet, despite an adequate caloric intake from carbohydrates.

If one is suffering from scurvy, then he need to add vitamin C (like citrus fruits) in his diet.
If a person is not able to see in the dark, he has night blindness and he need to add vitamin A in his diet.
If a person is suffering from vitamin D deficiency, then he need to add fatty fish and fish liver oils in his diet.
Kwashiorkor is a form of severe protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability, anorexia, and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates. So, he should  protein-rich diet which includes meat, eggs, milk.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Marasmus is caused by a deficiency of both proteins and carbohydrates, leading to a severe lack of total caloric intake.

A key clinical difference is that Kwashiorkor presents with edema (swelling), whereas Marasmus does not.

Marasmus is one of the three forms of serious protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). The other two forms are kwashiorkor (KW) and marasmic KW. Marasmus is a condition primarily caused by a deficiency in calories and energy, whereas kwashiorkor indicates an associated protein deficiency, resulting in an edematous appearance. 

Marasmus is characterized by a severe deficiency of both proteins and calories, typically occurring in infants under one year old when breast milk is replaced by inadequate food sources. Kwashiorkor is primarily a protein deficiency occurring in older children.