State and State Government - Class X

According to the result of the elections to the state legislative assembly, the Governor invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats for the formation of the government. The governor uses his discretion in appointing the Chief Minister when no single party has a clear majority and a coalition government is needed to get to the majority number. The Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor. He also appoints the council of ministers in consultation with the Chief Minister.

(a) The opposition parties criticize the wrong policies of the government and demand their conciliation by launching agitation's.
(b) They serve as watchdog of democracy and ensure that the government functions in a responsible manner.

Article 370 of the Indian constitution gave special status to J & K. This article allowed J & K to have a separate constitution, a state flag, and autonomy over the internal administration of the state. 

A modern state is a welfare state. The welfare state founded on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. The government of welfare state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the social and economic well-being of its citizens. Hence, State is bigger and more important than its government.

State list includes the subjects that come under the jurisdiction of state governments. The State List or List-II is a list of 61 items in Schedule Seven to the Constitution of India.

Income tax, Corporation Tax, Service tax are levied and collected by Centre but are appropriated by both states and Center as per distribution formula recommended by Finance Commission. This formula is not binding upon the parliament.

Political association occupying a definite territory, having an organised government and possessing power to make domestic and foreign policies. Governments may change, but the state continues. In common speech, the terms country, nation and state are used as synonyms.

The concept of state sovereignty entails that states are in comprehensive and exclusive control of all the people and property within their territory. State sovereignty also implies that all states are equal as states. As all states are on par with one another, one state cannot interfere with the internal affairs of another state. Essentially, sovereignty demands that one state cannot claim that another state takes any particular internal action. Hence, if the conquest of one country is done by another, the sovereignty of the former gets affected.

The concept of state sovereignty entails that states are in comprehensive and exclusive control of all the people and property within their territory. State sovereignty also implies that all states are equal as states. As all states are on par with one another, one state cannot interfere with the internal affairs of another state. Essentially, sovereignty demands that one state cannot claim that another state takes any particular internal action.

This was due to the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. This act was a major reform of the boundaries of India's states and territories, organizing them along linguistic lines. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 remains the single most extensive change in state boundaries since the independence of India in 1947.

The state executive cannot appoint and dismiss the legislature. This authority rests with the President and the governors.

The Governor is the Chief Executive in a State. All the executive powers of the State Government are vested upon him and decisions are taken in his name.

Hobbes in Leviathan (1660) expressed his views that "Man's life was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." Hobbes inferred that people are naturally selfish and wicked and cannot be trusted. Therefore the primitive or "natural" state of humanity is violent and brutal. Therefore a strong, authoritarian government (monarchy) must control them.

Under Article 266 (1) of the Constitution of India, a Consolidated Fund of State (a separate fund for each state) has been established. The Consolidated Fund receives all state government revenues as well as all loans raised by the issue of treasury bills. It also receives internal and external loans and all money received by the State Government in repayment of loans.

Maharashtra is a leader among Indian states in terms of agricultural and industrial production, trade and transport, and education. It has endeavored to develop sustaining industrial growth, facilitate a speedier flow of investment by creating a conducive industrial climate in the State. Maharashtra has developed a solid base of industrial infrastructure, strong Human Resources, and sustaining and diverse industrial base.

The constitution of India states that post general election, at its very first session, the Legislative Assembly in a State shall elect a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker, from among its members.

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and John Locke (1632-1704) developed their political theories at a time of religious, political and social upheaval in England. Their theory of social contract is basically a morally justified agreement made amongst individuals. They argue that through this agreement, an organised society is brought into existence. It is used as a means of demonstrating the value of government, the grounds for political obligation and authority over a particular geographical area. The social contract obliges citizens to respect and obey the state, in exchange for stability and security that only a system of political rule can provide.