Spectrophotometer, colorimeter and biosensor - class-XI

Isopycnic centrifugation, also known as equilibrium density gradient centrifugation, separates particles based solely on their buoyant density rather than their size or shape.

A colorimeter is a light-sensitive device user to measure the transmittance and absorbance of light passing through a liquid sample. It measures the intensity or concentration of the color that develops after adding a specific reagent to a solution. The working of colorimeter is based on Beer-Lambert law which states that absorption of light transmitted through the medium is directly proportional to the medium concentration.

A colorimeter is a device that measures the absorbance and transmittance of different wavelengths of light in a solution. This is called Beer-Lambert law. 

In differential centrifugation particles of different density, size and shape in a suspension sediment at different rates, with the larger and denser particles sedimenting faster. These sedimentation rates can be increased by using centrifugal force. Thus the correct answer is 'Differential centrifugation'.

Ultracentrifugation is a technique used to separate plant cell wall.

Ultracentrifugation is a primary technique used to isolate cellular organelles and protein fractions based on their sedimentation rates, which are determined by size and density.

Sucrose is a common solute used to create density gradients in centrifugation because it is highly soluble, relatively inert, and can form a wide range of densities.

Cesium chloride (CsCl) is the standard salt used to create self-forming density gradients for the separation of nucleic acids like DNA during ultracentrifugation.

Glycogen is the primary storage polysaccharide in animals, whereas plants store energy primarily as starch. Finding glycogen is a strong indicator of an animal cell source.

Ribosomes are very small cellular components that require very high centrifugal forces, typically around 300,000g, to sediment effectively from a cell homogenate.

Differential centrifugation is the standard method for separating cellular components based on their size and density by applying increasing centrifugal forces.

Buoyant density centrifugation (equilibrium centrifugation) requires long run times, often 20 hours or more, at high speeds (like 100,000g) to allow the particles to reach their isopycnic position in the gradient.

Analytical ultracentrifugation is a classic and precise method for determining the molecular weight and shape of proteins in solution.

Mitochondria are relatively large organelles that sediment at intermediate speeds, typically around 8,000g to 10,000g in a differential centrifugation protocol.

Buoyant density centrifugation 

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is the standard analytical technique used to measure the thermal behavior, such as heat capacity and phase transitions, of materials including water.

Differential centrifugation is the primary laboratory technique used to isolate pure fractions of cellular components by exploiting differences in sedimentation rates.