Factors affecting respiration - class-XII

If a starved plant is provided with glucose, the rate of respiration would increase. It is because, carbohydrate is the primary respiratory substrate.

Respiration in plants is the process which enables the breakdown of  simple carbohydrates, like
glucose into simpler substances thereby liberating carbon dioxide
and energy. The factors that effect respiration are temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, water and light. The factor that inhibits or checks the rate of respiration in the mitochondria of plants include malonate, CO$ _2$ an chloroform and cyanides.

The amount of oxygen is more in organic acids. Thus when respiration of organic acids takes place, the liberation of $CO _2$ is more. So, the R.Q of organic acid is more than one.

Respiration is the breakdown of the carbon-carbon bond to release energy.

At high altitudes, the lower temperature reduces the rate of respiration in plants, which means less stored carbohydrate is consumed, allowing more to be stored as starch in tubers like potatoes, leading to larger sizes.

Respiration is a process in which glucose is oxidised to release carbon dioxide, water and energy in the presence or absence of oxygen by a multistep reaction.

Respiration result in a decrease in dry weight. During respiration when we breathe, oxygen enter in the body of an organism. Due to the presence of oxygen, the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate and other products takes place. At last, carbon dioxide, as well as some energy, are also released out from the body through the process of exhalation.

Cyt-b is part of ETS which act as an electron carrier and formation of ATP whereas CO$ _2$ is the only end product of anaerobic respiration. conversion from succinate to fumarate produces a reduced coenzyme known as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) or succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (SQR).

The rate of respiration of young maturing seeds is quite high which has amount of water as the limiting factor during maturation. Water helps in the acceleration of enzyme activity. When the amount of water is less, the rate of maturation decreases.

Salt respiration refers to the increase in the rate of respiration observed in plant roots when they are actively absorbing ions (anions or cations) from the soil against a concentration gradient.

Oxygen is the final electron electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, which occurs in the mitochondria. So, for aerobic respiration oxygen is must. Respiration decreases with decreased available oxygen. Under circumstances where no oxygen is present, like in poorly draining soil, anaerobic respiration (fermentation) occurs.

Climacteric respiration (i) is the sudden increase in respiration during fruit ripening. Pasteur effect (ii) is the inhibition of glycolysis by oxygen. Floating respiration (iii) is the oxidation of non-respiratory substrates like carbohydrates and fats.

Obligate anaerobic beings are those that cannot survive when oxygen is present. Some fungi, some bacteria (like the agent of botulism -Clostridium botulinum, and the agent of tetanus- Clostridium tetani) and some protozoans are examples of obligate anaerobes.

• Aerobic respiration is the process that takes place in the presence of oxygen.
• The first part of the process is where the molecule of glucose is broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvate by the process of glycolysis
• These pyruvate molecules are to enter the mitochondria to under go the reaction of kerb cycle, but the molecule of pyruvate itself cannot enter the mitochondria, it is converted to acetyl CoA so that it can enter inside the mitochondrion membrane.
• After the kerb cycle molecules of NADH and $FADH _2$are formed which enter the ETS and undergo oxidative phosphorylation.
• Hydrogen ions are released from the NADH and $FADH _2$ molecules which are transported from inner membrane of mitochondria to the intermembrane matrix of mitochondria, this builds a concentration gradient across the membrane. Also the hydron ions and the electrons that are transported by the complexs of the ETS are in the end accepted by the oxygen molecule forming water that is why it is known as oxidative phosphorylation
• The concentration gradient that is made is used for the transport of hydronium ions across the ATP synthase complex of the inner mitochrondrial membrane. 
• With the transport of 2 hydrogen ions one molecule of ATP is formed.
• Thus glycolysis which takes place in cytoplasm, Kerb cycle that takes place in mitochondria , oxidative phosphorylation and chemisomotic phosphorylation are the parts of aerobic respiration.
• Therefore the answer 'All of the above' is correct.
  

CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) is a pathway of photosynthesis which occurs in desert succulents, which have a low surface-to-volume ratio. In this pathway of photosynthesis carbon is fixed during night time while decarboxylation reaction takes place at day time..