Imperialism and Colonial Empires

Following the Anglo-Zulu War, the Zulu Kingdom was defeated and eventually annexed by the British, becoming part of the British Empire.

The Berlin Conference (1884-1885) regulated European colonization and trade in Africa, effectively partitioning the continent among European powers.

Railroads were essential for the industrial revolution's ability to transport heavy resources from the interior of Africa to the coast for export.

The British rule in India from 1858 to 1947 is commonly referred to as the British Raj.

King Leopold II of Belgium personally conquered and controlled the Congo Free State, which became notorious for its brutal exploitation.

The Salt March, which took place from March to April 1930 in India, was an act of civil disobedience led by Mohandas Gandhi to protest British rule in India. During the march, thousands of Indians followed Gandhi from his religious retreat near Ahmedabad to the Arabian Sea coast, a distance of some 240 miles. Hence, Option A is correct. Among the rest, none of these estimates correspond to the one recorded, hence, incorrect. 

The 'Scramble for Africa' and the intense race for colonies among European powers accelerated significantly in the mid-to-late 19th century, with 1850 being the standard historical marker for this period.

The Salt March, led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930, was a direct act of defiance against the British salt tax. It involved a long march to the sea to produce salt, symbolizing resistance to colonial laws.

With respect to its colonies, British mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the exclusion of other empires.Many statesmen before 1914 were convinced that the concept of the struggle for existence was also valid in foreign policy. Empires and nation states were seen as entities that could rise and fall. According to the principle of Social Darwinism, only the strongest states would survive. Colonial expansion was therefore viewed as a precondition for gaining access to necessary resources. This imperialist mood was directly influenced by the idea of the “survival of the fittest”. Hence, Option A is correct. The rest of the factors were the means by which they intended to gain control over other countries. It was not their aim, but methods of gaining the aim, hence, these are incorrect. 

The campaign to establish an independent Muslim state by the Muslim League came to prominence in the 1920s and 30s. It was led by the philosopher and poet Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Pakistan was created, as an Islamic state, out of the partition of the UK's Indian Empire, at independence in August 1947. Hence, Option A is correct. Among, the rest of the options, Manchukuo, officially the State of Manchuria prior to 1934 and the Empire of Manchuria after 1934, was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia from 1932 until 1945. It was founded in 1932 after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, and in 1934 it became a constitutional monarchy. Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan. Hence, these are incorrect. 

The Canadian Pacific Railway was originally built between eastern Canada and British Columbia between 1881 and 1885 (connecting with Ottawa Valley and Georgian Bay area lines built earlier), fulfilling a promise extended to British Columbia when it entered Confederation in 1871. It was Canada's first transcontinental railway. Now primarily a freight railway, the CPR was for two decades the only practical means of long-distance passenger transport in most regions of Canada and was instrumental in the settlement and development of Western Canada. Hence, Option A is correct. The Canadian Atlantic Railway connected Georgian Bay on Lake Huron with the northern end of Lake Champlain via Ottawa, ON. Canadian Transpacific Railway is the same as Canadian Pacific Railway and the Canadian Transatlantic Railway is the same as the Canadian Transatlantic Railway. Hence, the rest of the options are incorrect. 

The reasons for African colonisation were mainly economic, political and religious. During this time of colonisation, an economic depression was occurring in Europe, and powerful countries such as Germany, France, and Great Britain, were losing money. Africa seemed to be out of harm’s way and had an abundance of raw materials from which Europe could make money from. Due to cheap labour of Africans, Europeans easily acquired products like oil, ivory, rubber, palm oil, wood, cotton and gum. These products became of greater significance due to the emergence of the Industrial Revolution. Hence, Option A is correct. Among the rest of the options, the countries had adequate land for their people and the strategic military bases were conducive in their home countries with better equipments, hence, these are incorrect.