Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies are monospecific antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. In 1975, Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein succeeded in making fusions of myeloma cell lines with B cells to produce hybridomas that made antibodies to known antigens. Monoclonal antibodies were first produced by applying the techniques of somatic cell genetics to antibody-producing cells. The cells that produce antibodies (B cells) are short-lived in culture. Thus, attempts to maintain B cells in culture and harvest antibody specificities failed for many years until Cesar Milstein and George Koehler succeeded in immortalising B cells via somatic cell hybridisation.

Hybridoma technology is a technology of forming hybrid cell lines (called hybridomas) by fusing an antibody-producing B cell with a myeloma (B cell cancer) cell that is selected for its ability to grow in tissue culture and for an absence of antibody chain synthesis. The antibodies produced by the hybridoma are all of a single specificity and are therefore monoclonal antibodies. So, the correct answer is option C.

Milstein and Kohler described the first technique developed for stable monoclonal antibody production.

Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific proteins that bind to unique antigens. When tagged with a fluorescent dye, they are used in immunofluorescence techniques to visualize and locate specific proteins within cells or tissues.

A single molecule of an Antibody-enzyme or abzyme is capable of catalyzing the destruction of thousands of target molecules.

• Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. 
• Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). 
• In contrast, polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different plasma cells lineages. Hence, Antibodies produced by a group of identical B-cells against a single epitope of an antigen is called Monoclonal antibodies.

• Antibodies, made from unique, identical cells of different parents, and act on one type of antigens are called Monoclonal antibodies.
  

So, the correct answer is ‘these obtained from different parents and for one antigen’ this should contain the option which is correct.

Here, correct option is (C) because:

In hybridoma technology antibody producing B cells are fused with myeloma cells. These hybrid cells therefore acquire the capability to generate antibodies and also have the ability to live on indefinitely as it is a hybrid of myeloma cell.  Hence, they are able to generate a large number of monoclonal antibodies. 

The hybridoma technique involves fusing an antibody-producing B-cell with a myeloma (cancerous tumour) cell. The tumour cell provides the property of immortality, allowing the hybridoma to divide indefinitely and produce monoclonal antibodies.

A hybridoma cell is produced in the laboratory from the fusion of an antibody-producing lymphocyte and a nonantibody-producing cancer cell, usually a myeloma or lymphoma. It proliferates and produces a continuous supply of a specific monoclonal antibody.

Kohler and Milstein created hybridomas by fusing malignant myeloma cells with antibody-producing B cells. The myeloma cells have the ability to replicate indefinitely and are clonogenic they will form clones when grown in vitro while the antibody producing b-cells will release the specific antibody. So, the correct answer is option C.

Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). In contrast, polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different plasma cell (antibody secreting immune cell) lineages. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered, by increasing the therapeutic targets of one single monoclonal antibody to two epitopes. Given almost any substance, it is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to that substance; they can then serve to detect or purify that substance. This has become an important tool in biochemistry, molecular biology, and medicine. 

Monoclonal antibodies are the antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. In contrast, polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different plasma cells.