New kings and kingdoms - class-IX

Taxes
on crops were the most important. This was because most people were
farmers. Usually, the tax was fixed at 1/6th of what was produced. This
was known as bhaga or a share.

The rulers of mahajanapadas were engaged in building forts, maintaining huge armies for the protection of their territory and the subjects. They needed more resources which could be obtained from taxes. Crafts persons paid taxes in the form of labour. For e.g. a coppersmith or weaver would work for the king for a day every month.

The rulers of mahajanapadas were engaged in building forts, maintaining huge armies for the protection of their territory and the subjects. They needed more resources which could be obtained from taxes. Taxes on crops were the most important. Usually, the tax was fixed at 1/6th of what was produced. This was known as bhaga or share.

Devdana means a gift(dana) to the gods(dev). Most of the Devdana lands were made tax free. The donated land mainly belonged to the temple which employed peasants to cultivate the lands and take the produced crops after making payment to the peasants.  

Brahmanas often received land
grants or brahmadeya. The brahmanas had exclusive rights on these lands.
Each brahmadeya was looked after by an assembly
or sabha of prominent Brahmana landholders.

The rulers of janapadas were engaged in building forts, maintaining huge armies for the protection of their territory and the subjects. They needed more resources which could be obtained from taxes. Crafts persons, farmers, hunter-gatherers, herders were liable to pay these taxes in one form or the other.

Lakshmidhara was a prominent scholar and minister in the court of Govindachandra of the Gahadvala dynasty, famous for his work Krityakalpataru.

The Rashtrakutas overthrew the last Chalukya king, Keertivarma II, effectively ending the Badami Chalukya dynasty and establishing their own power.

The Pratihara dynasty, which had been in decline, effectively ended around 1018 A.D. following the invasions of Mahmud of Ghazni.

Latur in Maharashtra was home to a branch of Rashtrakutas which ruled the Deccan from 753 to 973 AD.

Village was the lowest unit of Chola administration. In the Chola empire, Kingdom was divided into Mandalams (or provinces) and each mandalam divided into Valanadus (Commissionary) and Nadus (Districts) and villages(Kurram ).

Chalukyas ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. The earliest Chalukyas were called Badami Chalukyas. Their last ruler Keerthivarman II was defeated by the Rashtrakuta King Dantidurga in 753. Dantidurga established the Rashtrakuta dynasty that ruled the Deccan and neighbouring areas of India from about 755 to 975 CE.

Dantidurga, the founder of the Rashtrakuta Empire, performed the Hiranyagarbha ritual at Ujjain after defeating the Gurjara-Pratiharas who controlled the Malwa region.

The author of this is Shivakottacharya. It is a collection of Jain religious stories. Special importance has been given to use of native Kannada words here. There is liveliness in plot, structure, characterization and dialogue. This is a great prose work belonging to the pre-Pampa age, and enjoys eternal significance in the history of Kannada literature.