India History Review

The Green Revolution, led by figures like Indira Gandhi in India, significantly increased food production through new technologies, but it also led to environmental concerns (pollution) and supported a growing population.

Sepoys were Indian soldiers who served in the armies of the British East India Company.

Gandhi advocated for non-violent civil disobedience, which included boycotting British goods as a way to weaken British economic control in India.

The Salt March was a major act of non-violent civil disobedience that drew global attention and sympathy to the Indian independence movement, highlighting the injustice of British rule.

Indira Gandhi, the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, served as Prime Minister and oversaw the Green Revolution, which aimed to increase agricultural productivity in India.

The Amritsar Massacre (Jallianwala Bagh, 1919) was a turning point where British troops killed hundreds of unarmed Indians. This brutality intensified the independence movement and demand for self-rule.

In many agrarian societies, including rural India during that era, children were viewed as essential labor for farming and as a form of social security for parents in old age.

The 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks were carried out by Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based militant group. The attackers entered from Pakistan, killing 166 people in coordinated assaults.

Gandhi focused on social and political unity; while he worked to bridge the gap between Hindus and Muslims, there is no historical record of him defining 'Buddhist-Hindu Disunity' as one of the 'Three Great Evils'.

Gandhi was deeply influenced by Henry David Thoreau's essay 'Civil Disobedience', which provided a philosophical framework for his nonviolent resistance.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the leader of the All-India Muslim League and the primary advocate for the creation of a separate Muslim state, Pakistan.

In Hinduism, the cow is considered a sacred animal, representing life and non-violence, and is protected in many parts of India.

Following economic reforms in 1991, India moved away from its socialist-inspired, state-controlled economy toward a more liberalized, capitalist, free-market system.

The Indian National Congress, led by figures like Nehru, advocated for a secular, unified India that included all religious groups, opposing the partition based on religion.

Rapid urbanization and a lack of formal housing and jobs in major Indian cities led to the growth of shantytowns, also known as slums, on the outskirts of urban centers.

India and Pakistan were key leaders in the Non-Aligned Movement, which sought to avoid taking sides in the Cold War rivalry between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.

The rumor that rifle cartridges for the new Enfield rifles were greased with cow and pig fat offended both Hindu and Muslim soldiers, triggering the Sepoy Rebellion (1857).

Ahimsa is the principle of non-violence and non-injury to living beings, which was the cornerstone of Gandhi's philosophy and political movement.

Purdah is the practice of screening women from men or strangers, often involving the use of veils or separate living quarters in certain South Asian cultures.

Dalits (formerly called 'untouchables') are outside the traditional four-tier caste system. They faced extreme social discrimination and were considered ritually polluting to upper castes. The term 'Dalit' means 'oppressed' or 'broken' and was adopted as a self-designation to assert dignity and fight caste-based oppression.

India was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, maintaining a policy of not formally aligning with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Indira Gandhi served as Prime Minister of India following Lal Bahadur Shastri (who succeeded Nehru). She is widely associated with the Green Revolution, which significantly increased India's agricultural production.

Mother Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity in 1950 to serve the poorest of the poor in Kolkata, India. She is globally recognized for her humanitarian work.

Ram Mohun Roy is frequently referred to as the Father of Indian Nationalism or the Father of the Indian Renaissance for his efforts in social reform and modernization during the 19th century.

Thomas Macaulay is famous for his 1835 Minute on Indian Education, in which he expressed a dismissive view of Indian literature and culture compared to European knowledge.