Biochemistry, Metabolism and Bioenergetics

α lactoalbumin is a subunit of lactate synthase, which results in lactate synthesis. It acts as a lactose synthase modifier that catalizes lactate synthesis.

6 ATPs from two NADH compound, 2 from 1,3 bis-phosphoglycerate kinase and another 2 from pyruvate kinase. But 2 ATPs are deducted during ATP to ADP conversion. So, 10 - 2 = 8 ATPs.

The enzyme breaks fructose 1,6- diphosphate into glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate and dihydroxy acetone phosphate (DHAP).

FAD is converted to FADH₂ during formation of fumarate from succinate by the help of succinate dehydrogenase.

Gluconeogenesis is the process which occurrs partially in mitochondria and partially in cytosol.

Malonate is the competitive inhibitor that competes with the succinate DHG enzyme where succinate is the substrate and fumarate is the product.

If insulin decreases, glycolysis and glycogenesis pathways are stimulated to utilise more glucose while gluconeogenesis is inhibited for preventing the formation of extra glucose.

Transamination is the initial reaction of amino acid metabolism.

Cysteine is found in mammalian cell through the conversion of cystine.

Absence of homogentisate oxidase causes alkaptonuria.

Deficiency or absence of both fumarylacetoacetate hydroxylase and melanylacetoacetate isomerase enzymes causes Tyrosinosis.

During electron transport chain, oxygen is used as a final acceptor.

8 cycles of beta oxidation = 8 x 5 = 40 ATP, 9 acetyl Co-A entering into the TCA cycle = 9 x 12 = 108 ATP. 2 ATPs are utilised for activation of stearic acid to stearyl Co-A. So, net yield is = (108 + 40) - 2 = 146 ATP.

Fatty acids can be used in cellular respiration, they do not have to be turned into glucose first.  Instead, the fatty acids are broken down into 2-carbon molecules that enter the cellular respiration events to make ATP.  Glucose, a 6-carbon molecule, gets broken down into 3-carbon and then 2-carbon molecules as it goes through cellular respiration.  Therefore, the 2-carbon molecules from fatty acids just join into the process where the 2-carbon molecules are normally used.   Because they join in a little late in the process, they donot yield as much energy as glucose does, but they still generate some ATP. 

Neimann Pick disease is a disease caused by sphingomyelinase enzyme defect.

All those mentioned in group I are fatty acid metabolic disorders and group II options are their respective causes.

As isolated thylakoids were transferred from acidic medium to basic medium, H⁺ proton will be emitted in a higher amount that causes conversion of ADP to ATP in a high frequency.

As sunlight falls on the chloroplast, thylakoids will enclose their spaces and photosynthesis will be started in a normal way.

Increasing unsaturated fatty acid causes membrane motility/fluidity of cells. As a result, the cells will not freeze even in very cold temperature.

The exact increasing temperature is not stated here. As paddy is mostly cultured in equator region, so it can be said that paddy can easily withstand increasing as well as warm temperature. If the particular increasing range is not stated, the fate experimental plan cannot be determined.