Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium

The rate of photochemical reaction increases by absorption of photons of certain radiations.

Collisions taking place between activated molecules are called activated collisions. Only the activated collisions can lead to the formation of the products in the chemical reaction.

Decomposition of NH₃ in presence of molybdenum or tungsten is a zero order reaction.

This is differential rate law expression for second order reaction.

This method is used to determine the order of a reaction with respect to one reactant at a time. The total order of the reaction can be calculated by adding all the orders of the reaction for individual reactant.

Mass of hydrogen = 4 g, Mol. mass of hydrogen = 2; Volume of the flask = 2 litres. Active mass of hydrogen = 4/2 X 2 = 1 mol L^-1_; Mass of HI = 128 g, Mol. mass of HI = 128 g, Volume of the flask = 2 litre. Active mass of hydrogen iodide = 128/(128 X 2) = 0.5  mol L^-1                                                      

Thermal decomposition of dichlorine monoxide is a second order reaction. 2Cl₂O → 2Cl₂ + O₂

Each molecule participating in a photochemical process absorbs only one photon of radiant energy. Thus, it can increase its energy level by hv only.

The equation is called Arrhenius equation.

The equation for the above reaction is

N₂  + 3H₂ -----------------> 2NH_{3   ⁽}Δ n = 2 - (1+3)  = -2)

K_p = 1.42x10^-5

T = 273 + 500

     = 773 K

R = 0.0821 L.atm/mol.K

By substituting the values in the following expression, we have

K_c = K_p/ (RT) ^{Δ n}

1.42x10^-5/ (0.0821 x 773)^-2 = 0.057

Now let us write the given reaction.

 

The equilibrium constant of the reaction is given as
               [HI]²
      K_c = ------------   
              (a-x) (b-x)
                (13.4)²
      =   ------------   
              (1.4) (2.4)
= 51.84
 

It is not consequence of Schottky defect. The volume of the crystal remains unaffected.

According to Le Chateliers principle, the increase of temperature should shift the reaction in the direction of absorbing the heat, i.e. the backward direction. So, the equilibrium will shift in the backward direction to consume the heat evolved.

As per the Le Chatelier's principle, the increase of external pressure shifts the equilibrium in a direction which lowers the pressure, i.e. the equilibrium shifts in a direction that forms lesser number of moles of the gas.

The average kinetic energy of all the gaseous molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. The increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the molecules and hence they move at greater speed.

This system involves the exchange of both matter and energy with the surroundings. Since, human body exchanges both matter and energy with the surroundings, it is an open system.

It is the chronic analytical mechanical entropy of a thermodynamic system.

Rudolf Clausius was a German physicist and is a prominent scientist thermodynamics. He is famed for first stating the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics.

Atom M is shared by 8 corners; 1 atom of O is shared by 4 unit cells. Atom N is present at centre of the unit cell. Hence, the effective number of atoms of M per unit cell = 8 X 1/8 = 1. The effective number of atoms of O per unit cell = 12/4 = 3.The effective number of atoms of N per unit cell = 1. Hence, the formula of the compound is MNO_3.